Skip to content

Berry Scripting Language ~

Berry Scripting is included in all tasmota32 builds. It is NOT supported on ESP82xx

If you plan to code in Berry, you should enable #define USE_BERRY_DEBUG which will give you much more details when coding

Berry logo

Useful resources:

If you're new to Berry, have a look at Berry Introduction (in 20 minutes of less)

Introduction to Berry~

Berry is the next generation scripting for Tasmota. It is based on the open-source Berry project, delivering an ultra-lightweight dynamically typed scripting language designed for lower-performance embedded devices.

Github Manual

Reference sheet

Download Berry Short Manual to get a list of basic functions and capabilities of Berry language

Berry Scripting allows simple and also advanced extensions of Tasmota, for example:

  • simple scripting
  • advanced rules, beyond what is possible with native rules
  • advanced automations

Berry Scripting takes it one step further and allows to build dynamic extensions to Tasmota, that would previously require native code:

  • build light animations
  • build I2C drivers
  • build complete Tasmota drivers
  • integrate native libraries like lvgl see LVGL

About the Berry language~

Berry has the following advantages:

  • Lightweight: A well-optimized interpreter with very little resources. Ideal for use in microprocessors.
  • Fast: optimized one-pass bytecode compiler and register-based virtual machine.
  • Powerful: supports imperative programming, object-oriented programming, functional programming.
  • Flexible: Berry is a dynamic type script, and it's intended for embedding in applications. It can provide good dynamic scalability for the host system.
  • Simple: simple and natural MicroPython-eque syntax, supports garbage collection and easy to use FFI (foreign function interface).
  • RAM saving: With compile-time object construction, most of the constant objects are stored in read-only code data segments, so the RAM usage of the interpreter is very low when it starts.

Tasmota Port~

Berry Scripting in only supported on Tasmota32 for ESP32. The RAM usage starts at ~10kb and will be later optimized. Berry uses PSRAM on ESP32 if available (PSRAM is external RAM attached to ESP32 via SPI, it is slower but larger than internal RAM.

Quick Start~

Click on Configuration then Berry Scripting Console and enjoy the colorful Berry console, also called REPL (Read-Eval-Print-Loop).

Berry console

Drag the bottom corner of each screen to change its size

The console is not designed for big coding tasks but it's recommended to use a code editor when dealing with many, many lines of code. An extension for Visual Studio Code exists to make writing Berry scripts even easier with colored syntax. Download the entire folder and copy to VSCode extensions folder.

REPL Console~

Try typing simple commands in the REPL. Since the input can be multi-lines, press Enter twice or click "Run" button to run the code. Use Up and Down to navigate through history of previous commands.

> 1+1
2
> 2.0/3
0.666667
> print('Hello Tasmota!')
Hello Tasmota!

Note: Berry's native print() command displays text in the Berry Console and in the Tasmota logs. To log with finer control, you can also use the log() function which will not display in the Berry Console.

> print('Hello Tasmota!')
  log('Hello again')
Hello Tasmota!

Meanwhile the Tasmota log shows:

> tasmota.cmd("Dimmer 60")
{'POWER': 'ON', 'Dimmer': 60, 'Color': '996245', 'HSBColor': '21,55,60', 'Channel': [60, 38, 27]}
The light is bright

Save your Scripts~

Berry can autostart your scripts. See a short desciption in the Section about the Filesystem: https://tasmota.github.io/docs/UFS/#autoexecbe Your can use the Filemanager to edit or save files with your berry scripts.

Iterate without rebooting~

Since v13.0.0.1 you can restart the entire Berry VM with a click in the Berry console. This feature requires to compile with #define USE_BERRY_DEBUG which is anyways highly recommended when coding in Berry. Be aware that restarting the Berry VM loses all context, and may generate negative side effects that we haven't yet identified. When restarting the VM, autoexec.be is ran again.

Instead of using the Web UI, you can also use the BrRestart command which does not require #define USE_BERRY_DEBUG.

Lights and Relays~

Berry provides complete support for Relays and Lights.

You can control individual Relays or lights with tasmota.get_power() and tasmota.set_power().

tasmota.get_power() returns an array of booleans representing the state of each relays and light (light comes last).

tasmota.set_power(relay, onoff) changes the state of a single relay/light.

2 relays and 1 light

> tasmota.get_power()
[false, true, false]

> tasmota.set_power(0, true)
true

> tasmota.get_power()
[true, true, false]

For light control, light.get() and light.set accept a structured object containing the following arguments:

Attributes Details
power boolean
Turns the light off or on. Equivalent to tasmota.set_power(). When brightness is set to 0, power is automatically set to off. On the contrary, you need to specify power:true to turn the light on.
bri int range 0..255
Set the overall brightness. Be aware that the range is 0..255 and not 0..100 as Dimmer.
hue int 0..360
Set the color Hue in degree, range 0..360 (0=red).
sat int 0..255
Set the color Saturation (0 is grey).
ct int 153..500
Set the white color temperature in mired, ranging from 153 (cold white) to 500 (warm white)
rgb string 6 hex digits
Set the color as hex RRGGBB, changing color and brightness.
channels array of int, ranges 0..255
Set the value for each channel, as an array of numbers

When setting attributes, they are evaluated in the following order, the latter overriding the previous: power, ct, hue, sat, rgb, channels, bri.

  # set to yellow, 25% brightness
> light.set({"power": true, "hue":60, "bri":64, "sat":255})
{'bri': 64, 'hue': 60, 'power': true, 'sat': 255, 'rgb': '404000', 'channels': [64, 64, 0]}

  # set to RGB 000080 (blue 50%)
> light.set({"rgb": "000080"})
{'bri': 128, 'hue': 240, 'power': true, 'sat': 255, 'rgb': '000080', 'channels': [0, 0, 128]}

  # set bri to zero, also powers off
> light.set({"bri": 0})
{'bri': 0, 'hue': 240, 'power': false, 'sat': 255, 'rgb': '000000', 'channels': [0, 0, 0]}

  # changing bri doesn't automatically power
> light.set({"bri": 32, "power":true})
{'bri': 32, 'hue': 240, 'power': true, 'sat': 255, 'rgb': '000020', 'channels': [0, 0, 32]}

  # set channels as numbers (purple 12%)
> light.set({"channels": [32,0,32]})
{'bri': 32, 'hue': 300, 'power': true, 'sat': 255, 'rgb': '200020', 'channels': [32, 0, 32]}

Rules~

The rule function have the general form below where parameters are optional:

def function_name(value, trigger, msg)
end
Parameter Description
value The value of the trigger. Similar to %value% in native rules.
trigger string of the trigger with all levels. Can be used if the same function is used with multiple triggers.
msg map Berry structured object of the message, decoded from JSON. If JSON was invalid, it contains the original string

Dimmer rule

Define the function and add a rule to Tasmota where the function runs if Dimmer value is more than 50

> def dimmer_over_50()
    print("The light is bright")
  end
  tasmota.add_rule("Dimmer>50", dimmer_over_50)

> tasmota.cmd("Dimmer 30")
{'POWER': 'ON', 'Dimmer': 30, 'Color': '4D3223', 'HSBColor': '21,55,30', 'Channel': [30, 20, 14]}

> tasmota.cmd("Dimmer 60")
{'POWER': 'ON', 'Dimmer': 60, 'Color': '996245', 'HSBColor': '21,55,60', 'Channel': [60, 38, 27]}
The light is bright

The same function can be used with multiple triggers.

If the function to process an ADC input should be triggered both by the tele/SENSOR message and the result of a Status 10 command:

tasmota.add_rule("ANALOG#A1", rule_adc_1)
tasmota.add_rule("StatusSNS#ANALOG#A1", rule_adc_1)

Or if the same function is used to process similar triggers:

import string

def rule_adc(value, trigger)
  var i=string.find(trigger,"#A")
  var tr=string.split(trigger,i+2)
  var adc=number(tr[1])
  print("value of adc",adc," is ",value)
end

tasmota.add_rule("ANALOG#A1",rule_adc)
tasmota.add_rule("ANALOG#A2",rule_adc)

Another way to address the same using anonymous functions created dynamically

def rule_adc(adc, value)
  print("value of adc",adc," is ",value)
end
tasmota.add_rule("ANALOG#A1", def (value) rule_adc(1,value) end )
tasmota.add_rule("ANALOG#A2", def (value) rule_adc(2,value) end )

Multiple triggers AND logic~

It is possible to combine multiple triggers in a AND logic as an array:

tasmota.add_rule(["ANALOG#A1>300","ANALOG#A1<500"], def (values) rule_adc_in_range(1,values) end )
would trigger if 300 < ANALOG#A1 < 500

Triggers can be of different types too:

tasmota.add_rule(["ANALOG#A1>300","BME280#Temperature>28.0"], def (values) rule_adc_and_temp(1,values) end )
would trigger for simultaneous ANALOG#A1>300 AND BME280#Temperature>28.0

In that case, the value and trigger arguments passed to the rule function are also lists:

def function_name(values:list_of_string, triggers:list_of_string, msg)
end
The 3rd argument msg remains unchanged.

Teleperiod rules~

Teleperiod rules are supported with a different syntax from Tasmota rules. Instead of using Tele- prefix, you must use Tele#. For example Tele#ANALOG#Temperature1 instead of Tele-ANALOG#Temperature1

Rules operators~

Operator Function
String Operators
= equal to (used for string comparison)
!== not equal to (used for string comparison)
$< string starts with
$> string ends with
$\| string contains
$! string is not equal to
$^ string do not contains
Numerical Operators
== equal to (used for numerical comparison)
> greater than
< lesser than
!= number not equal to
>= greater than or equal to
<= lesser than or equal to
\| Modulo division to this number is 0 (remainder=0)

Timers~

Berry code, when it is running, blocks the rest of Tasmota. This means that you should not block for too long, or you may encounter problems. As a rule of thumb, try to never block more than 50ms. If you need to wait longer before the next action, use timers. As you will see, timers are very easy to create thanks to Berry's functional nature.

All times are in milliseconds. You can know the current running time in milliseconds since the last boot:

> tasmota.millis()
9977038

Sending a timer is as easy as tasmota.set_timer(<delay in ms>,<function>)

> def t() print("Booh!") end

> tasmota.set_timer(5000, t)
[5 seconds later]
Booh!

A word on functions and closure~

Berry is a functional language, and includes the very powerful concept of a closure. In a nutshell, it means that when you create a function, it can capture the values of variables when the function was created. This roughly means that it does what intuitively you would expect it to do.

When using Rules or Timers, you always pass Berry functions.

cron recurrent calls~

You can choose to run some function/closure at regular intervals specified as cron style format with the first field representing seconds.

> def f() print("Hi") end
> tasmota.add_cron("*/15 * * * * *", f, "every_15_s")
Hi
Hi      # added every 15 seconds
> tasmota.remove_cron("every_15_s")     # cron stops

Like timers, you need to create a closure if you want to register a method of an instance. Example:

class A
    var name
    def init(name)
        self.name = name
    end
    def p()
        print("Hi,", self.name)
    end
end
> bob = A("bob")
> bob.p()
Hi, bob
> tasmota.add_cron("*/15 * * * * *", /-> bob.p(), "hi_bob")
Hi, bob
Hi, bob
Hi, bob
> tasmota.remove_cron("hi_bob")     # cron stops

You can get the timestamp for the next event by using tasmota.next_cron(id) which returns an epoch in seconds.

Loading Filesystem~

Berry files can exist in 2 forms, either a source file (extension .be) or a pre-compiled bytecode (extension .bec). Pre-compiled are usually smaller and load slightly faster (although compilation is fast enough in most use cases). It's usually more flexible and simpler to use source code (.be).

You can upload Berry code in the filesystem using the Consoles - Manage File system menu and load them at runtime. Make careful to use *.be extension for those files.

To load a Berry file, use the load(filename) function where filename is the name of the file with .be or .bec extension; if the file has no extension '.be' is automatically appended.

You don't need to prefix with /. A leading / will be added automatically if it is not present.

Previous behavior before 13.4.0.3:

When loading a Berry script, the compiled bytecode is automatically saved to the filesystem, with the extension .bec (this is similar to Python's .py/.pyc mechanism). The save(filename,closure) function is used internally to save the bytecode.

If a precompiled bytecode (extension .bec) is present of more recent than the Berry source file, the bytecode is directly loaded which is faster than compiling code. You can eventually remove the *.be file and keep only *.bec file (even with load("file.be").

The loading behavior is as follows:

  • load("hello") and load("hello.be") loads hello.be and tries hello.bec if the first does not exist. If both hello.be and hello.bec exist, hello.bec is deleted to avoid confusion between versions.
  • load("hello.bec") loads only hello.bec and fails if only hello.be is present

To compile to .bec use tasmota.compile("hello.be"). If all is good, it returns true and creates hello.bec. But beware that if you use load() the .bec file is deleted.

Note: tasmota.compile() is different than native Berry compile()

Creating a Tasmota Driver~

You can easily create a complete Tasmota driver with Berry.

A Driver responds to messages from Tasmota. For each message type, the method with the same name is called. Actually you can register any class as a driver, it does not need to inherit from Driver; the call mechanism is based on names of methods that must match the name of the event to be called.

Driver methods are called with the following parameters: f(cmd, idx, payload, raw). cmd is a string, idx an integer, payload a Berry object representation of the JSON in payload (if any) or nil, raw is a string. These parameters are meaningful to a small subset of events:

  • every_second(): called every second
  • every_50ms(): called every 50ms (i.e. 20 times per second)
  • every_100ms(): called every 100ms (i.e. 10 times per second)
  • every_250ms(): called every 250ms (i.e. 4 times per second)
  • web_sensor(): display sensor information on the Web UI
  • json_append(): display sensor information in JSON format for TelePeriod reporting
  • web_add_button(): (deprecated) synonym of web_add_console_button()
  • web_add_main_button(), web_add_management_button(), web_add_console_button(), web_add_config_button(): add a button to Tasmotas Web UI on a specific page
  • web_add_handler(): called when Tasmota web server started, and the right time to call webserver.on() to add handlers
  • button_pressed(): called when a button is pressed
  • save_before_restart(): called just before a restart
  • mqtt_data(topic, idx, data, databytes): called for MQTT payloads matching mqtt.subscribe. idx is zero, and data is normally unparsed JSON.
  • set_power_handler(cmd, idx): called whenever a Power command is made. idx is a combined index value, with one bit per relay or light currently on. cmd can be ignored.
  • any_key(cmd, idx): called when an interaction with Button or Switch occurs. idx is encoded as follows: device_save << 24 | key << 16 | state << 8 | device
  • display(): called by display driver with the following subtypes: init_driver, model, dim, power.

Then register the driver with tasmota.add_driver(<driver>).

There are basically two ways to respond to an event:

Example

Define a class and implement methods with the same name as the events you want to respond to.

class MyDriver
  def every_second()
    # do something
  end
end

d1 = MyDriver()

tasmota.add_driver(d1)

Fast Loop~

Beyond the events above, a specific mechanism is available for near-real-time events or fast loops (200 times per second, or 5ms).

Special attention is made so that there is no or very little impact on performance. Until a first callback is registered, performance is not impacted and Berry is not called. This protects any current use from any performance impact.

Once a callback is registered, it is called separately from Berry drivers to ensure minimal overhead.

tasmota.add_fast_loop(cl:function) -> nil registers a callback to be called in fast loop mode.

The callback is called without any parameter and does not need to return anything. The callback is called at each iteration of Tasmota event loop. The frequency is set to 200Hz or 5ms.

Note: since v13.1.0.2, the frequency of fast_loop does not depend anymore on the value of the Sleep <x> command.

tasmota.remove_fast_loop(cl:function) -> nil removes a previously registered function or closure. You need to pass the exact same closure reference.

Warning, if you need to register a method from an instance, you need a closure:

class my_driver
  def every_100ms()
    # called every 100ms via normal way
  end

  def fast_loop()
    # called at each iteration, and needs to be registered separately and explicitly
  end

  def init()
    # register fast_loop method
    tasmota.add_fast_loop(/-> self.fast_loop())
    # variant:
    # tasmota.add_fast_loop(def () self.fast_loop() end)
  end
end

tasmota.add_driver(my_driver())                     # register driver
tasmota.add_fast_loop(/-> my_driver.fast_loop())    # register a closure to capture the instance of the class as well as the method

Tasmota Only Extensions~

log(msg:string [, level:int = 3]) -> string~

Logs a message to the Tasmota console. Optional second argument is log_level (0..4), default is 2 (matching build time LOG_LEVEL_INFO).

Example

> log("A")
A

load(filename:string) -> bool~

Loads a Berry script from the filesystem, and returns true if loaded successfully, false if file not found, or raises an exception in runtime. Filename does not need to start with /, but needs to end with .be (Berry source code) or .bec (precompiled bytecode). If the .be extension is missing, it is automatically added.

The behavior for .bec files changed in v13.4: - when loading <file>.be, the .be file is loaded in priority and any .bec file with same prefix is removed (to avoid inconsistencies). If no .be file is present, it tried to load .bec file. - when loading <file>.bec, only .bec files are loaded and .be is ignored. - to create .bec files, you need to use tasmota.compile (see below)

tasmota.compile(filename:string) -> bool~

Loads a .be file, compiles it and saves a .bec file containing the compiled bytecode.

Note: tasmota.compile is different from Berry native compile function.

save(filename:string, f:closure) -> nil~

Internally used function to save bytecode. It's a wrapper to the Berry's internal API be_savecode(). There is no check made on the filename.

There is generally no need to use this function, it is used internally by load().

tasmota object~

A root level object called tasmota is created and contains numerous functions to interact with Tasmota.

Tasmota Function Parameters and details
tasmota.get_free_heap () -> int
Returns the number of free bytes on the Tasmota heap.
tasmota.publish (topic:string, payload:string[, retain:bool, start:int, len:int]) -> nil
Deprecated see mqtt.publish
tasmota.publish_result (payload:string, subtopic:string) -> nil
Publishes a JSON result and triggers any associated rule. payload is expected to be a JSON string, and subtopic the subtopic used to publish the payload.
tasmota.publish_rule (payload:string) -> handled:bool
sends a JSON stringified message to the rule engine, without actually publishing a message to MQTT. Returns true if the message was handled by a rule.
tasmota.cmd (command:string [, mute:bool]) -> map
Sends any command to Tasmota, like it was type in the console. It returns the result of the command if any, as a map parsed from the command output JSON. Takes an optional mute attribute. If mute is true, logging (serial, web, mqtt) is reduced to level 1 (only severe errors) to avoid polluting the logs.
tasmota.memory () -> map or (key:string) -> any
Returns memory stats similar to the Information page.
Example: {'iram_free': 41, 'frag': 51, 'program_free': 1856, 'flash': 4096, 'heap_free': 226, 'program': 1679}
or when PSRAM {'psram_free': 3703, 'flash': 16384, 'program_free': 3008, 'program': 1854, 'psram': 4086, 'frag': 27, 'heap_free': 150}
If a key is passed, the value is returned without allocating a new map, or nil if no value matches the key.
tasmota.add_rule (trigger:string, f:function [, id:any]) ->nil
(triggers:list_of_string, f:function [, id:any]) ->nil
Adds a rule to the rule engine. See above for rule triggers.
Optional id allows to remove selectively rules with tasmota.remove_rule().
tasmota.remove_rule (trigger:string [, id:any]) ->nil
(triggers:list_of_string [, id:any]) ->nil
Removes a rule from the rule engine. Silently ignores the trigger(s) if no rule matches. Optional id to remove selectively some rules.
tasmota.add_driver (instance) ->nil
Registers an instance as a driver
tasmota.remove_driver (instance) ->nil
Removes a driver
tasmota.gc () -> int
Triggers garbage collection of Berry objects and returns the bytes currently allocated. This is for debug only and shouldn't be normally used. gc is otherwise automatically triggered when necessary.
tasmota.urlfetch (url:string [, filename:string]) -> bytes:int
Download a url (http or https) and store the content in the filesystem
filename is optional, needed if you want to change the name of the file from the url suffix. Returns the number of bytes downloaded or -1 if failed.
tasmota.urlbecload (url:string) -> bool
Download .bec file from a url and run it, return true if sucessful. This allows to run complementary code like Partition Wizard from precompiled Berry.

Functions used to retrieve Tasmota configuration~

Tasmota Function Parameters and details
tasmota.get_option (index:int) -> int
Returns the value of SetOption <index>
tasmota.wire_scan (addr:int [, index:int]) -> wire instance or nil
Scan both I2C buses for a device of address addr, optionally taking into account disabled devices via I2CDevice. Returns a wire object corresponding to the bus where the device is, or nil if device is not connected or disabled.
tasmota.i2c_enabled (index:int) -> bool
Returns true if the I2C module is enabled, see I2C page.
tasmota.arch () -> string
Returns the name of the architecture. Currently can be esp32, esp32s2, esp32s3, esp32c3
tasmota.read_sensors ([show_sensor:bool]) -> string
Returns the value of sensors as a JSON string similar to the teleperiod. The response is a string, not a JSON object. The reason is that some sensors might produce invalid JSON. It's your code's responsibility to try parsing as JSON.
An optional boolean parameter (false by default) can be set to trigger a display of the new values (i.e. sends a FUNC_SHOW_SENSOR` event to drivers).
tasmota.wifi () -> map or (key:string) -> any
Retrieves Wi-Fi connection info or empty map.
Example: {'mac': 'aa:bb:cc:22:11:03', 'quality': 100, 'rssi': -47, 'ip': '192.168.1.102'}
If a key is passed, the value is returned without allocating a new map, or nil if no value matches the key.
tasmota.eth () -> map or (key:string) -> any
Retrieves Ethernet connection info or empty map.
Example: {'mac': 'aa:bb:cc:22:11:00', 'ip': '192.168.1.101'}
If a key is passed, the value is returned without allocating a new map, or nil if no value matches the key.

Functions for time, timers or cron~

Tasmota Function Parameters and details
tasmota.millis ([delay:int]) -> int
Returns the number of milliseconds since last reboot. The optional parameter lets you specify the number of milliseconds in the future; useful for timers.
tasmota.time_reached (timer:int) -> bool
Checks whether the timer (in milliseconds) has been reached or not. Always use this function and don't do compares between millis() and timers, because of potential sign and overflow issues.
tasmota.rtc () -> map or (key:string) -> any
Returns clockwall time with variants.
Example: {'local': 1619560407, 'utc': 1619556807, 'timezone': 60, 'restart': 1619556779}
If a key is passed, the value is returned without allocating a new map, or nil if no value matches the key.
tasmota.time_dump (timestamp:int) -> map
Decompose a timestamp value (in seconds) to its components
Example: tasmota.time_dump(1619560407) -> {'min': 53, 'weekday': 2, 'sec': 27, 'month': 4, 'year': 2021, 'day': 27, 'epoch': 1619560407, 'hour': 21}
tasmota.time_str (timestamp:int) -> string
Converts a timestamp value (in seconds) to an ISO 8601 string
Example: tasmota.time_str(1619560407) -> 2021-04-27T21:53:27
tasmota.set_timer (delay:int, f:function [, id:any]) -> nil
Runs the closure or function f after delay milliseconds, optional id can be used to remove the timer.
tasmota.remove_timer (id:string) -> nil
Removes the timer with the id used on tasmota.set_timer.
tasmota.strftime (format:string, timestamp:int) -> string
Converts a timestamp value (in seconds) to a string using the format conversion specifiers
Example: tasmota.strftime("%d %B %Y %H:%M:%S", 1619560407) -> 27 April 2021 21:53:27
tasmota.strptime (time:string, format:string) -> map or nil
Converts a string to a date, according to a time format following the C strptime format. Returns a map similar to tasmota.time_dump() or nil if parsing failed. An additional unparsed attribute reports the unparsed string, or empty string if everything was parsed.
Example: tasmota.strptime("2001-11-12 18:31:01", "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S") -> {'unparsed': '', 'weekday': 1, 'day': 12, 'epoch': 1005589861, 'min': 31, 'year': 2001, 'month': 11, 'sec': 1, 'hour': 18}
tasmota.yield () -> nil
Calls Arduino framework yield() function to give back some time to low-level functions, like Wifi. Prevents WDT watchdog from happening.
tasmota.delay ([delay:int]) -> int
Waits and blocks execution for delay milliseconds. Should ideally never wait more than 10ms and absolute max 50ms. Otherwise use set_timer.
tasmota.add_cron (pattern:string, f:function [, id:any]) -> nil
Adds a cron-type timer, with a cron pattern and a function/closure to call. An optional id can be added to retrieve or delete the cron timer
tasmota.remove_cron (id:any) -> nil
Remove a cron timer.
tasmota.next_cron (id:any) -> int
returns the next timestamp for the cron timer. The timestamp is second epoch in local time. You can use tasmota.tasmota.time_str() to convert to a time string.

Functions to create custom Tasmota command~

Tasmota Function Parameters and details
tasmota.add_cmd (name:string, f:function) -> nil
Adds a command to Tasmota commands. Command names are case-insensitive. Command names are analyzed after native commands and after most commands, so you can't override a native command.
tasmota.resp_cmnd_str (message:string) -> nil
Sets the output for the command to message.
tasmota.resp_cmnd_done () -> nil
Sets the output for the command to "Done" (localized message).
tasmota.resp_cmnd_error () -> nil
Sets the output for the command to "Error" (localized message).
tasmota.resp_cmnd_failed () -> nil
Sets the output for the command to "Fail" (localized message).
tasmota.resp_cmnd (message:string) -> nil
Overrides the entire command response. Should be a valid JSON string.
tasmota.remove_cmd (name:string) -> nil
Remove a command to Tasmota commands. Removing an non-existing command is skipped silently.

Functions to add custom responses to JSON and Web UI to sensors~

Tasmota Function Parameters and details
tasmota.response_append (name:string) -> nil
Adds JSON fragment to the current response. Used for example for sensors to add JSON to teleperiod.
Can be called only in json_append() method of a registered driver (see cookbook). It is called at least at each teleperiod, or when reading sensor data in JSON.
tasmota.web_send (message:string) -> nil
Adds an HTML fragment to the Web output.
Can be called only in web_sensor() method of a registered driver (see cookbook). It is called at each main page refresh.
tasmota.web_send_decimal (message:string) -> nil
Adds an HTML fragment to the Web output, similar to web_send but converts decimal dot . to the locale decimal separator.
Can be called only in web_sensor() method of a registered driver (see cookbook). It is called at each main page refresh.

See examples in the Berry-Cookbook

Functions to manage Relays and Lights~

Tasmota Function Parameters and details
tasmota.get_power ([index:int]) -> bool or list[bool]
Returns Relay or Light On/Off state for one channel, or as a list of bool for all.
tasmota.set_power (index:int, onoff:bool) -> bool
Sets the on/off state of a Relay/Light. Returns the previous status of the Relay/Light of nil if index is invalid.
Example:
> tasmota.get_power()
[true]
tasmota.get_light deprecated use light.get
tasmota.set_light deprecated use light.set
tasmota.get_switches () -> list(bool)
Returns as many values as switches are present. true means PRESSED and false means NOT_PRESSED. (Warning: this is the opposite of the internal representation where PRESSED=0)
Note: if there are holes in the switch definition, the values will be skipped. I.e. if you define SWITCH1 and SWITCH3, the array will return the two consecutive values for switches 1/3.

Low-level access to Tasmota globals and settings.~

Use with care and only if you know what you are doing.

The construct is to use tasmota.global or tasmota.settings to read or write attributes.

You can do bad things with these features

Value Details
tasmota.global.sleep Current sleep value
tasmota.global.devices_present Number of Power channels, e.g. having virtual relays
tasmota.settings.sleep Sleep value stored in flash

mqtt module~

Use with import mqtt.

Since v11.1.0.1, there is an easier way than registering a driver, and listening to mqtt_data event. You can now just attach a function or closure to a MQTT topic, and it does the magic for you.

The function you attach to a topic pattern received only the matching MQTT messages, not all messages unlike mqtt_data() would.

The function takes the same parameters as mqtt_data():

  • topic: full topic received from the broker
  • idx: not used
  • payload_s: payload as string, usually converted to JSON with import json json.load(payload_s)
  • payload_b: payload as a binary payload, bytes() array

the function should return true if the event was parsed or if the event should not trigger a Tasmota command. If you return nil or nothing, it is considered as true which is the usual behavior you want (i.e. not trigger a Tasmota command from random MQTT messages).

Tasmota Function Parameters and details
mqtt.publish (topic:string, payload:string[, retain:bool, start:int, len:int]) -> nil
Equivalent of publish command, publishes a MQTT message on topic with payload. Optional retain parameter.
payload can be a string or a bytes() binary array
start and len allow to specify a sub-part of the string or bytes buffer, useful when sending only a portion of a larger buffer.
mqtt.subscribe mqtt.subscribe(topic:string [, function:closure]) -> nil
Subscribes to a topic (exact match or pattern). Contrary to Tasmota's Subscribe command, the topic is sent as-is and not appended with /#. You need to add wildcards yourself. Driver method mqtt_data is called for each matching payload.
If a function/closure is added, the function is called whenever and only if an incoming messages matches the pattern for this function. The function should return true if message was processed, false if not which will let the message flow to Tasmota eventually as a command.
You can call mqtt.subscribe even without MQTT connection, and Tasmota will manage subscriptions upon connection, also when reconnecting after an outage. This allows code in autoexec.be do make a subscription, which will then have effect after connection has been established.
mqtt.unsubscribe (topic:string) -> nil
Unubscribe to a topic (exact match).
mqtt.connected mqtt.connected() -> bool
Returns true if Tasmota is connected to the MQTT broker

light object~

Module light is automatically imported via a hidden import light command.

Tasmota Function Parameters and details
light.get (index:int) -> map
Get the current status if light number index (default:0).
Example:
> light.get
{'bri': 77, 'hue': 21, 'power': true, 'sat': 140, 'rgb': '4D3223', 'channels': [77, 50, 35]}
light.set (settings:map[, index:int]) -> map
Sets the current state for light index (default: 0.
Example:
> light.set({'hue':120,'bri':50,'power':true})
{'bri': 50, 'hue': 120, 'power': true, 'sat': 140, 'rgb': '173217', 'channels': [23, 50, 23]}
light.gamma10 (channel) -> int
Computes the gamma corrected value with 10 bits resolution for input and output. Note: Gamma is optimized for speed and smooth fading, and is not 100% mathematically accurate.
Input and output are in range 0..1023.
light.reverse_gamma10 (gamma) -> int
Computes the reverse gamma with 10 bits resolution for input and output.
Input and output are in range 0..1023.
light.gamma8 (channel) -> int
Computes the gamma corrected value with 8 bits resolution for input and output.
Input and output are in range 0..255.

gpio module~

This module allows to retrieve the GPIO configuration set in the templates. You need to distinguish between logical gpio (like PWM, or I2C) and physical gpio which represent the GPIO number of the physical pin. gpio.pin() transforms a logical GPIO to a physical GPIO, or -1 if the logical GPIO is not set.

Currently there is limited support for GPIO: you can only read/write in digital mode and set the GPIO mode.

Tasmota Function Parameters and details
gpio.pin_used (gpio [,index]) -> bool
returns if a specific GPIO is used. index allows to iterate through GPIOs. Example: gpio.pin_used(gpio.REL1) to check Relay1, or gpio.pin_used(gpio.REL1,1) to check Relay2 (index is zero-based)
gpio.pin (gpio [,index]) -> int
returns the physical GPIO number assigned to the Tasmota GPIO, or -1 if the GPIO is not assigned
gpio.digital_write (phy_gpio, val) -> nil needs the physical GPIO number
sets the GPIO to LOW/HIGH. val can be 0, 1, gpio.LOW or gpio.HIGH. Example: gpio.digital_write(gpio.pin(gpio.REL1), gpio.HIGH) sets Relay1 to High.
gpio.digital_read (phy_gpio) -> int needs the physical GPIO number
reads the value of a GPIO. Returns 0 or 1.
gpio.pin_mode (phy_gpio, mode) -> nil needs the physical GPIO number
Changes the GPIO mode. It should be called very cautiously. Normally Tasmota handles automatically GPIO modes.
mode can have the following values: gpio.INPUT, gpio.OUTPUT, gpio.PULLUP, gpio.INPUT_PULLUP, gpio.PULLDOWN, gpio.OPEN_DRAIN, gpio.OUTPUT_OPEN_DRAIN, gpio.DAC
gpio.dac_voltage (phy_gpio:int, voltage_mv:int) -> int
Sets the DAC voltage in mV. The resolution is 8 bits over a range of 0..3.3V, i.e. an increment of ~13mV, this function returns the actual voltage output rounded to the closest value. See below for constraints of DAC GPIOs.
gpio.set_pwm (phy_gpio:int, duty:int [, phase:int]) -> nil
Sets the value of a PWM output
phy_gpio: physical GPIO number
duty: analog value for the pwm, range is 0..1023 unless you change the PWM range
phase: (opt) set the starting point in time for this pulse from start of cycle. Range is 0..1023 unless you change PWM range. This allows to dephase pulses, for example for H-bridge.
Low-level this is a low-level function that bypasses all the Tasmota logic around PWM. Use with caution as a PWM command might overwrite your settings.
gpio.set_pwm_freq (phy_gpio:int, frequency:int) -> nil
Sets the frequency value of a PWM output.
Low-level this is a low-level function that bypasses all the Tasmota logic around PWM. Use with caution as a PWM command might overwrite your settings.
gpio.counter_read (counter:int) -> int or nil
Read counter value, 0 is Counter1, or return nil if counter is not used
gpio.counter_set (counter:int, value:int) -> int or nil
Set the counter value, 0 is Counter1, return the actual value, or return nil if counter is not used
gpio.counter_add (counter:int, value:int) -> int or nil
Add to the counter value, 0 is Counter1, return the actual value, or return nil if counter is not used

Any internal error or using unsupported GPIO yields a Berry exception.

Possible values for Tasmota GPIOs:

gpio.NONE, gpio.KEY1, gpio.KEY1_NP, gpio.KEY1_INV, gpio.KEY1_INV_NP, gpio.SWT1, gpio.SWT1_NP, gpio.REL1, gpio.REL1_INV, gpio.LED1, gpio.LED1_INV, gpio.CNTR1, gpio.CNTR1_NP, gpio.PWM1, gpio.PWM1_INV, gpio.BUZZER, gpio.BUZZER_INV, gpio.LEDLNK, gpio.LEDLNK_INV, gpio.I2C_SCL, gpio.I2C_SDA, gpio.SPI_MISO, gpio.SPI_MOSI, gpio.SPI_CLK, gpio.SPI_CS, gpio.SPI_DC, gpio.SSPI_MISO, gpio.SSPI_MOSI, gpio.SSPI_SCLK, gpio.SSPI_CS, gpio.SSPI_DC, gpio.BACKLIGHT, gpio.OLED_RESET, gpio.IRSEND, gpio.IRRECV, gpio.RFSEND, gpio.RFRECV, gpio.DHT11, gpio.DHT22, gpio.SI7021, gpio.DHT11_OUT, gpio.DSB, gpio.DSB_OUT, gpio.WS2812, gpio.MHZ_TXD, gpio.MHZ_RXD, gpio.PZEM0XX_TX, gpio.PZEM004_RX, gpio.PZEM016_RX, gpio.PZEM017_RX, gpio.SAIR_TX, gpio.SAIR_RX, gpio.PMS5003_TX, gpio.PMS5003_RX, gpio.SDS0X1_TX, gpio.SDS0X1_RX, gpio.SBR_TX, gpio.SBR_RX, gpio.SR04_TRIG, gpio.SR04_ECHO, gpio.SDM120_TX, gpio.SDM120_RX, gpio.SDM630_TX, gpio.SDM630_RX, gpio.TM1638CLK, gpio.TM1638DIO, gpio.TM1638STB, gpio.MP3_DFR562, gpio.HX711_SCK, gpio.HX711_DAT, gpio.TX2X_TXD_BLACK, gpio.TUYA_TX, gpio.TUYA_RX, gpio.MGC3130_XFER, gpio.MGC3130_RESET, gpio.RF_SENSOR, gpio.AZ_TXD, gpio.AZ_RXD, gpio.MAX31855CS, gpio.MAX31855CLK, gpio.MAX31855DO, gpio.NRG_SEL, gpio.NRG_SEL_INV, gpio.NRG_CF1, gpio.HLW_CF, gpio.HJL_CF, gpio.MCP39F5_TX, gpio.MCP39F5_RX, gpio.MCP39F5_RST, gpio.PN532_TXD, gpio.PN532_RXD, gpio.SM16716_CLK, gpio.SM16716_DAT, gpio.SM16716_SEL, gpio.DI, gpio.DCKI, gpio.CSE7766_TX, gpio.CSE7766_RX, gpio.ARIRFRCV, gpio.ARIRFSEL, gpio.TXD, gpio.RXD, gpio.ROT1A, gpio.ROT1B, gpio.ADC_JOY, gpio.SSPI_MAX31865_CS1, gpio.HRE_CLOCK, gpio.HRE_DATA, gpio.ADE7953_IRQ, gpio.SOLAXX1_TX, gpio.SOLAXX1_RX, gpio.ZIGBEE_TX, gpio.ZIGBEE_RX, gpio.RDM6300_RX, gpio.IBEACON_TX, gpio.IBEACON_RX, gpio.A4988_DIR, gpio.A4988_STP, gpio.A4988_ENA, gpio.A4988_MS1, gpio.OUTPUT_HI, gpio.OUTPUT_LO, gpio.DDS2382_TX, gpio.DDS2382_RX, gpio.DDSU666_TX, gpio.DDSU666_RX, gpio.SM2135_CLK, gpio.SM2135_DAT, gpio.DEEPSLEEP, gpio.EXS_ENABLE, gpio.TASMOTACLIENT_TXD, gpio.TASMOTACLIENT_RXD, gpio.TASMOTACLIENT_RST, gpio.TASMOTACLIENT_RST_INV, gpio.HPMA_RX, gpio.HPMA_TX, gpio.GPS_RX, gpio.GPS_TX, gpio.HM10_RX, gpio.HM10_TX, gpio.LE01MR_RX, gpio.LE01MR_TX, gpio.CC1101_GDO0, gpio.CC1101_GDO2, gpio.HRXL_RX, gpio.ELECTRIQ_MOODL_TX, gpio.AS3935, gpio.ADC_INPUT, gpio.ADC_TEMP, gpio.ADC_LIGHT, gpio.ADC_BUTTON, gpio.ADC_BUTTON_INV, gpio.ADC_RANGE, gpio.ADC_CT_POWER, gpio.WEBCAM_PWDN, gpio.WEBCAM_RESET, gpio.WEBCAM_XCLK, gpio.WEBCAM_SIOD, gpio.WEBCAM_SIOC, gpio.WEBCAM_DATA, gpio.WEBCAM_VSYNC, gpio.WEBCAM_HREF, gpio.WEBCAM_PCLK, gpio.WEBCAM_PSCLK, gpio.WEBCAM_HSD, gpio.WEBCAM_PSRCS, gpio.BOILER_OT_RX, gpio.BOILER_OT_TX, gpio.WINDMETER_SPEED, gpio.KEY1_TC, gpio.BL0940_RX, gpio.TCP_TX, gpio.TCP_RX, gpio.ETH_PHY_POWER, gpio.ETH_PHY_MDC, gpio.ETH_PHY_MDIO, gpio.TELEINFO_RX, gpio.TELEINFO_ENABLE, gpio.LMT01, gpio.IEM3000_TX, gpio.IEM3000_RX, gpio.ZIGBEE_RST, gpio.DYP_RX, gpio.MIEL_HVAC_TX, gpio.MIEL_HVAC_RX, gpio.WE517_TX, gpio.WE517_RX, gpio.AS608_TX, gpio.AS608_RX, gpio.SHELLY_DIMMER_BOOT0, gpio.SHELLY_DIMMER_RST_INV, gpio.RC522_RST, gpio.P9813_CLK, gpio.P9813_DAT, gpio.OPTION_A, gpio.FTC532, gpio.RC522_CS, gpio.NRF24_CS, gpio.NRF24_DC, gpio.ILI9341_CS, gpio.ILI9341_DC, gpio.ILI9488_CS, gpio.EPAPER29_CS, gpio.EPAPER42_CS, gpio.SSD1351_CS, gpio.RA8876_CS, gpio.ST7789_CS, gpio.ST7789_DC, gpio.SSD1331_CS, gpio.SSD1331_DC, gpio.SDCARD_CS, gpio.ROT1A_NP, gpio.ROT1B_NP, gpio.ADC_PH, gpio.BS814_CLK, gpio.BS814_DAT, gpio.WIEGAND_D0, gpio.WIEGAND_D1, gpio.NEOPOOL_TX, gpio.NEOPOOL_RX, gpio.SDM72_TX, gpio.SDM72_RX, gpio.TM1637CLK, gpio.TM1637DIO, gpio.PROJECTOR_CTRL_TX, gpio.PROJECTOR_CTRL_RX, gpio.SSD1351_DC, gpio.XPT2046_CS, gpio.CSE7761_TX, gpio.CSE7761_RX, gpio.VL53LXX_XSHUT1, gpio.MAX7219CLK, gpio.MAX7219DIN, gpio.MAX7219CS, gpio.TFMINIPLUS_TX, gpio.TFMINIPLUS_RX, gpio.ZEROCROSS, gpio.HALLEFFECT, gpio.EPD_DATA, gpio.INPUT, gpio.KEY1_PD, gpio.KEY1_INV_PD, gpio.SWT1_PD, gpio.I2S_OUT_DATA, gpio.I2S_OUT_CLK, gpio.I2S_OUT_SLCT, gpio.I2S_IN_DATA, gpio.I2S_IN_CLK, gpio.I2S_IN_SLCT, gpio.INTERRUPT, gpio.MCP2515_CS, gpio.HRG15_TX, gpio.VINDRIKTNING_RX, gpio.BL0939_RX, gpio.BL0942_RX, gpio.HM330X_SET, gpio.HEARTBEAT, gpio.HEARTBEAT_INV, gpio.SHIFT595_SRCLK, gpio.SHIFT595_RCLK, gpio.SHIFT595_OE, gpio.SHIFT595_SER, gpio.SOLAXX1_RTS, gpio.OPTION_E, gpio.SDM230_TX, gpio.SDM230_RX, gpio.ADC_MQ, gpio.CM11_TXD, gpio.CM11_RXD, gpio.BL6523_TX, gpio.BL6523_RX, gpio.ADE7880_IRQ, gpio.RESET, gpio.MS01, gpio.SDIO_CMD, gpio.SDIO_CLK, gpio.SDIO_D0, gpio.SDIO_D1, gpio.SDIO_D2, gpio.SDIO_D3, gpio.FLOWRATEMETER_SIGNAL, gpio.SENSOR_END

An H-bridge is an electronic circuit that switches the polarity of a voltage applied to a load. These circuits are often used in robotics and other applications to allow DC motors to run forwards or backwards.

See the Berry cookbook for H-bridge control

DAC GPIOs~

DAC is limited to specific GPIOs:

  • ESP32: only GPIO 25-26
  • ESP32-S2: only GPIO 17-18
  • ESP32-C3: not supported

Example

> gpio.pin_mode(25, gpio.DAC)   # sets GPIO25 to a DAC pin
> gpio.dac_voltage(25, 1250)    # set voltage to 1250mV
1255
The function returns the closest voltage found. In this case it's 1255 for setting to 1250.

I2S~

DAC can also be used via Esp8266Audio through the ESP32 I2S -> DAC bridge.

Example
class MP3_Player : Driver
  var audio_output, audio_mp3, fast_loop_closure
  def init()
    self.audio_output = AudioOutputI2S()
    self.audio_mp3 = AudioGeneratorMP3()
    self.fast_loop_closure = def () self.fast_loop() end
    tasmota.add_fast_loop(self.fast_loop_closure)
  end

  def play(mp3_fname)
    if self.audio_mp3.isrunning()
      self.audio_mp3.stop()
    end
    var audio_file = AudioFileSourceFS(mp3_fname)
    self.audio_mp3.begin(audio_file, self.audio_output)
    self.audio_mp3.loop()    #- start playing now -#
  end

  def fast_loop()
    if self.audio_mp3.isrunning()
      if !self.audio_mp3.loop()
        self.audio_mp3.stop()
        tasmota.remove_fast_loop(self.fast_loop_closure)
      end
    end
  end
end

mp3_player = MP3_Player()
mp3_player.play("/pno-cs.mp3")

energy module~

The energy module provides ways to read current energy counters and values (if you're creating your own automation) or updating the energy counters (if you're writing a driver).

It relies on a new Berry feature that provides a direct mapping between the internal C structure called struct Energy and the energy module in Berry.

For example, if you want to read or update an energy value:

> energy.active_power
0
> energy.active_power = 460
> energy.active_power
460

# internally it updates the C value `Energy.active_power[0]` (float)

You don't need to do import energy since Tasmota does it for you at boot.

The special energy.read() function dumps all current values to a single map. Be aware that the object is very long. Prefer accessing individual attributes instead.

Tasmota Function Parameters and details
energy.read() () -> map
Returns all current values for the energy module. Some values may be unused by the current driver.
energy.driver_enabled() () -> bool
Returns true if the Berry virtual driver is active, i.e. OPTION_A 9 is configured on a GPIO.
See below for Berry Energy driver implementation.

List of energy attributes that you can read or write:

Attribute Type Description
voltage float Voltage (V) for main phase
voltage_phases array of float Voltage (V) as an array of phases
current float Current (A) for main phase
current_phases array of float Current (A) as an array of phases
active_power float Active Power (W) for main phase
active_power_phases array of float Active Power (W) as an array of phases
reactive_power float Reactive Power (W) for main phase
reactive_power_phases array of float Reactive Power (W) as an array of phases
power_factor float Power Factor (no unit) for main phase
power_factor_phases array of float Power Factor (no unit) as an array of phases
frequency float Frequency (Hz) for main phase
frequency_phases array of float Frequency (Hz) as an array of phases
export_active float (kWh)
export_active_phases array of float (kWh)
start_energy float Total previous energy (kWh)
daily float Daily energy (kWh)
total float Total energy (kWh)
today_delta_kwh uint32 (deca milli Watt hours)
5764 = 0.05764 kWh = 0.058 kWh
today_offset_kwh uint32 (deca milli Watt hours)
today_kwh uint32 (deca milli Watt hours)
period uint32 (deca milli Watt hours)
fifth_second uint8
command_code uint8
data_valid uint8 0 if data is valid for main phase
data_valid_phases array of uint8 0 if data is valid as an array of phases
phase_count uint8 Number of phases (1..8)
voltage_common bool Use single voltage
frequency_common bool Use single frequency
use_overtemp bool Use global temperature as overtemp trigger on internal energy monitor hardware
today_offset_init_kwh bool
voltage_available bool Enable if voltage is measured
current_available bool Enable if current is measured
type_dc bool
power_on bool
power_history_0
power_history_1
power_history_2
uint16
power_steady_counter uint8 Allow for power on stabilization
min_power_flag bool
max_power_flag bool
min_voltage_flag bool
max_voltage_flag bool
min_current_flag bool
max_current_flag bool
mplh_counter uint16
mplw_counter uint16
mplr_counter uint8
max_energy_state uint8

Energy driver in Berry~

Since v14.2.0, it is possible to implement an Energy driver in pure Berry. The Berry driver is enabled when an OPTION_A 9 GPIO is configured:

  • by default, the energy driver has zero consumption.
  • the berry code can is energy.driver_enabled() to check if the virtual Berry Energy driver is active (i.e. OPTION_A 9 is configured)
  • the following values need to be configured: energy.phase_count (default 1), energy.voltage, energy.current, energy.power_factor (typically 1.0 or less), energy.frequency (default nan)
  • the most important value is energy.active_power (in Watt) which is added to the daily power consumption

Example test code in autoexec.be:

if energy.driver_enabled()
  energy.phase_count = 1
  energy.voltage = 240
  energy.power_factor = 1.0
  energy.current = 1.5
  energy.frequency = 50
  energy.active_power = 360
end

wire object for I2C~

Berry Scripting provides 2 objects: wire1 and wire2 to communicate with both I2C buses.

Use wire1.scan() and wire2.scan() to scan both buses:

> wire1.scan()
[]

> wire2.scan()
[140]

You generally use tasmota.wire_scan() to find a device and the corresponding I2C bus.

MPU6886 on bus 2

> mpuwire = tasmota.wire_scan(0x68, 58)
> mpuwire
<instance: Wire()>
Wire Function Parameters and details
bus read only attribute, 1 or 2
Bus number for this wire instance.
enabled () -> bool
Returns true is the I2C bus is initialized (i.e. GPIOs are defined)
scan () -> array of int
Scan the bus and return all responding addresses. Note: addresses are displayed as decimal ints, not hex.
scan () -> array of int
Scan the bus and return all responding addresses. Note: addresses are displayed as decimal ints, not hex.
detect (addr:int) -> bool
Returns true if the device of address addr is connected to this bus.
read (addr:int, reg:int, size:int) -> int or nil
Read a value of 1..4 bytes from address addr and register reg. Returns nil if no response.
write (addr:int, reg:int, val:int, size:int) -> bool
Writes a value of 1..4 bytes to address addr, register reg with value val. Returns true if successful, false if not.
read_bytes (addr:int, reg:int ,size:int) -> instance of bytes()
Reads a sequence of size bytes from address addr register reg. Result is a bytes() instance or bytes() if not successful.`
write_bytes (addr:int, reg:int, val:bytes) -> nil
Writes the val bytes sequence as bytes() to address addr register reg.

Low-level commands if you need finer control:

Wire Function Parameters and details
_begin_transmission (address:int) -> nil
_end_transmission ([stop:bool]) -> nil
Send stop if stop is true.
_request_from (addr:int, size:int [stop:bool = true]) -> nil
_available () -> bool
_read read() -> int
Reads a single byte.
_write (value:int or s:string) -> nil
Sends either single byte or an arbitrary string.

path module~

A simplified version of os.path module of standard Berry which is disabled in Tasmota because we don't have a full OS.

The default file-system is the ESP32 internal flash. If you have a SD card mounted, it is mapped to the /sd/ subdirectory.

Example:

import path
print(path.listdir("/sd/"))
# outputs a list of filenames at the root dir of the SD card
Tasmota Function Parameters and details
path.exists (file_name:string) -> bool
Returns true if the file exists. You don't need to prefix with /, as it will automatically be added if the file does not start with /
path.last_modified (file_name:string) -> int
Returns the timestamp when the file was last modified, or nil if the file does not exist. You don't need to prefix with /, as it will automatically be added if the file does not start with /
path.listdir (dir_name:string) -> list(string)
List a directory, typically root dir "/" and returns a list of filenames in the directory. Returns an empty list if the directory is invalid
path.remove (file_name:string) -> bool
Deletes a file by name, return true if successful
path.format (true:bool) -> bool
Re-formats the LittleFS file system (internal ESP32 flash) and erases all content. The parameter needs to be true as to avoid unwanted calls. Returns true if reformatting was successful.
This is sometimes useful when the file-system becomes unstable or corrupt after multiple re-partitionings.
path.mkdir (dir_name:string) -> bool
Creates a directory, return true if successful
path.rmdir (dir_name:string) -> bool
Deletes a directory if empty, return true if successful
path.isdir (name:string) -> bool
Checks if path name is a directory

persist module~

Easy way to persist simple values in Berry and read/write any attribute. Values are written in JSON format in _persist.json file. Be aware that persist cannot detect any change in sub-objects like lists or maps; in such case you can call persist.dirty() to indicate that data needs to be saved.

Example

> import persist    
> persist.a = 1    
> persist.b = "foobar"    
> print(persist)    
<instance: Persist({'a': 1, 'b': 'foobar'})>    
> persist.save()   # save to _persist.json
Tasmota Function Parameters and details
persist.save () -> nil
triggers saving to file system. It is called automatically before a restart but you might want to call it yourself to prevent losing data in case of power loss or crash. persist.save() writes to flash, so be careful of not calling it too often, or it will cause wearing of flash and reduce its lifetime.
By default persist.save() only saves if data was marked as dirty, or does nothing. You can force an actual save with persist.save(true)
persist.has (key:string) -> bool
returns true/false if the key exists
persist.remove (key:string) -> bool
removes a key or ignores if key doesn't exist
persist.find (key:string [, "default value"]) -> string | bool
returns the value for a key, nil or the default value. Similar to map.find
persist.member (key:string) -> string | nil
returns the value for a key, or nil.
persist.setmember (key:string, value:string) -> nil
sets the value for a key, when the key is in a variable
persist.zero () -> nil
clears all entries. This may be destructive to other code using persist
persist.dirty () -> nil
marks data as dirty to force writing to flash

introspect module~

Allows to do introspection on instances and modules, to programmatically list attributes, set and get them.

> class A var a,b def f() return 1 end end
> ins=A()
> ins.a = "foo"
> import introspect

> introspect.members(ins)
['b', 'a', 'f']

> introspect.get(ins, "a")
foo

> introspect.set(ins, "a", "bar")
bar

> ins.a
bar
Tasmota Function Parameters and details
introspect.members (nil | instance | module | class) -> list
Returns the list of members of the object. If nil is passed, it returns the list of globals (similar to global module). Note: virtual dynamic members are not listed.
introspect.get (instance | module, name:string) -> any
Returns the member of name name or nil if it does not exist. Note: virtual dynamic members are not yet supported. Note2: classes are not yet supported.
introspect.set (instance | module, name:string, value:any) -> any
Sets the member of name name to value or ignores the call if the member does not exist. Note: virtual dynamic members are not yet supported.
introspect.module (name:string) -> module or nil
Loads a module by name or return nil if not found. The import command works only for static predefined names, this addition makes it dynamic. Contrary to import command, this function does not create an entry in the current scope (i.e. does not either create a global variable with the module's name).
introspect.toptr (any) -> comptr
Converts an int to a comptr pointer. This is sage in Tasmota since pointers and ints are both 32 bits in size.
If argument is a general object, this returns a pointer to the object, and can be converted back to the original object with introspect.fromptr.
introspect.fromptr (comptr) -> any
Converts a comptr pointer to its original object.
Warning: this operation is considered dagerous and should be used with extreme care. If the pointer is invalid or the object was garbage collected, Tasmota will crash.
introspect.ismethod (function or closure) -> bool
Returns true if the function passed as argument is a method of a class, or false if the argument is a simple function or a static method.
This is typically used to check callbacks and make sure that you don't pass a method as argument; methods typically need to be wrapped in a closure to capture the target object.

webclient class~

Class webclient provides an implementation of an HTTP/HTTPS web client and make requests on the LAN or over the Internet.

Features:

  • Support HTTP and HTTPS requests to IPv4 addresses and domain names, to arbitrary ports, via a full URL.
  • Support for HTTPS and TLS via BearSSL (which is much lighter than default mbedTLS)
  • HTTPS (TLS) only supports cipher ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 which is both secure and widely supported
  • Support for URL redirections
  • Ability to set custom User-Agent
  • Ability to set custom headers
  • Ability to set Authentication header
  • Support for Chunked encoding response (so works well with Tasmota devices)
  • Support for GET, POST, PUT, PATCH, DELETE methods

The current implementation is based on a fork of Arduino's HttpClient customized to use BearSSL

Current limitations (if you need extra features please open a feature request on GitHub):

  • Payload sent to server (POST) can include either text or binary
  • Only supports text responses (html, json...) but not binary content yet (no NULL char allowed). However you can download binary content to the file-system with write_file
  • Maximum response size is 32KB, requests are dropped if larger
  • HTTPS (TLS) is in 'insecure' mode and does not check the server's certificate; it is subject to Man-in-the-Middle attack
  • No support for compressed response - this should not be a problem since the client does not advertize support for compressed responses

Example

> cl = webclient()
> cl.begin("http://ota.tasmota.com/tasmota32/release/")
<instance: webclient()>

> r = cl.GET()
> print(r)
200

> s = cl.get_string()
> print(s)
<pre>
<b></b>Alternative firmware for ESP32 based devices with web UI,
[.../...]

Example

> cl = webclient()
> cl.begin("https://raw.githubusercontent.com/tasmota/autoconf/main/esp32/M5Stack_Fire_autoconf.zip")
<instance: webclient()>

> r = cl.GET()
> print(r)
200

> cl.write_file("M5Stack_Fire_autoconf.zip")
950

Managing redirects~

HTTP redirects (301/302) are not followed by default. You can use wc.set_follow_redirects(true) to have redirects automatically followed for HEAD and GET. There is a default limit of 10 successive redirects, this prevents from infinite loops.

For the examples, we use http://ota.tasmota.com/tasmota32 which is redirected to http://ota.tasmota.com/tasmota32/

Example

cl = webclient()
cl.set_follow_redirects(true)
cl.begin("http://ota.tasmota.com/tasmota32")
r = cl.GET()
print(r)
s = cl.get_string()
print(s)

Alternatively, you can manage yourself redirects and retrieve the Location header

Example

cl = webclient()
cl.set_follow_redirects(false)
cl.collect_headers("Location")
cl.begin("http://ota.tasmota.com/tasmota32")
r = cl.GET()
print(r)
if r == 301 || r == 302
  print("Location:", cl.get_header("Location"))
elif r == 200
  s = cl.get_string()
  print(s)
end
cl.close()

Main functions:

webclient method Parameters and details
begin (url:string) -> self
Set the complete URL, including protocol (http or https), IPv4 or domain name, port... This should be the first call. The connection is not established at this point.
Use url_encode() prior to sending a URL if it requires URL encoding.
GET () -> result_code:int
Establish a connection to server, send GET request and wait for response header.
Returns the HTTP result code or an error code if negative, 200 means OK.
POST (payload:string or bytes) -> result_code:int
Establish a connection to server, send POST request with payload and wait for response header.
Returns the HTTP result code or an error code if negative, 200 means OK.
PUT (payload:string or bytes) -> result_code:int
Establish a connection to server, send PUT request with payload and wait for response header.
Returns the HTTP result code or an error code if negative, 200 means OK.
PATCH (payload:string or bytes) -> result_code:int
Establish a connection to server, send PATCH request with payload and wait for response header.
Returns the HTTP result code or an error code if negative, 200 means OK.
DELETE (payload:string or bytes) -> result_code:int
Establish a connection to server, send DELETE request with payload and wait for response header.
Returns the HTTP result code or an error code if negative, 200 means OK.
get_size () -> int
Once a connection succeeded (GET or POST), reads the size of the response as returned by the server in headers (before actually reading the content). A value -1 means that the response size is unknown until you read it.
get_string () -> string
Once a connection succeeded (GET or POST), reads the content of the response in a string. The response max size is 32KB, any response larger is dropped. Connection is closed and resources are freed after this call completes.
close () -> nil
Closes the connection and frees buffers. close can be called after GET or POST and is implicitly called by get_string. You don't usually need to use close unless you are only retrieving the result_code for a request and not interested in the content.
write_file (file_name:string) -> int
Downloads the binary content of the resource and stores it on the file system. Returns the number of bytes downloaded or -1 if an error occurred

Request customization:

webclient method Parameters and details
add_header (name:string, value:string [, first:bool=false [, replace:bool=true]]) -> nil
Sets an arbitrary header for name:value.
first moves the header in the first place, replace replaces a header with the same name or adds one line if false.
set_timeouts (req_timeout:int [, tcp_timeout:int]) -> self
Sets the request timeout in ms and optionally the TCP connection timeout in ms.
set_useragent (useragent:string) -> self
Sets the User-Agent header used in request.
set_auth (auth:string) or (user:string, password:string) -> self
Sets the authentication header, either using pre-encoded string, or standard user/password encoding.
set_follow_redirects (bool) -> self
Enables or disables redirects following.
If false: (HTTPC_DISABLE_FOLLOW_REDIRECTS) no redirection will be followed.
If true: (HTTPC_STRICT_FOLLOW_REDIRECTS) strict RFC2616, only requests using GET or HEAD methods will be redirected (using the same method), since the RFC requires end-user confirmation in other cases.
There is a default limit of 10 successive redirects, this prevents from infinite loops.
collect_headers ( [header_name:string]* ) -> self
Registers a list of header names that needs to be collected from the response. Pass multiple strings as separate arguments (not as a list).
get_header (header_name:string) -> string
Returns the header value for a header name (case sensitive). Returns "" (empty string) if no header.

Static utility methods:

webclient static method Parameters and details
url_encode (url:string) -> string
Encodes a string according to URL escape rules. Use before you use begin()

webserver module~

Module webserver provides functions to enrich Tasmota's Web UI. It is tightly linked to Tasmota page layout.

Functions used to add UI elements like buttons to Tasmota pages, and analyze the current request. See above Driver to add buttons to Tasmota UI.

General Function Parameters and details
arg_size () -> int
Returns the number of arguments in the request
arg (arg_name:string or arg_index:int): -> string
Returns the value of the argument either by name or by position number [0..arg_size()-1]. If an argument has multiple values, you need to iterate using ints to get all values
arg_name (arg_index:int) -> string
Returns the name of argument by index [0..arg_size()-1]
has_arg (arg_name:string): -> bool
Checks if an argument with this name exists
check_privileged_access () -> bool
Returns true if the page needs privileged access
header (name:string) -> string or nil
Return the header with key name sent by the browser. The name is case sensitive. Return nil if the header is not present or not collected.
Currently only Referer, Host, Authorization and If-None-Match.
content_send (string) -> nil
Sends the HTML content to the client. Tasmota uses Chunked encoding, which means than the content is regularly sent to the client and not buffered in Tasmota's memory
content_button ([button:int]) -> nil
Displays a standard button by code, using Tasmota localization. Possible values are webserver.BUTTON_CONFIGURATION, webserver.BUTTON_INFORMATION, webserver.BUTTON_MAIN, webserver.BUTTON_MANAGEMENT, webserver.BUTTON_MODULE. Default is webserver.BUTTON_MAIN.
html_escape (string) -> string
Escapes characters to safe HTML.

Low-level functions if you want to display custom pages and content:

General Function Parameters and details
on (prefix:string, callback:closure [, method:int]) -> nil
Attaches a handler (any closure or function) to a prefix. An optional method argument (defaults to webserver.HTTP_ANY specifies the HTTP methods to be received (ANY, GET, POST, OPTIONS, POST)
WARNING - this should be called only when receiving web_add_handler event. If called before the WebServer is set up and Wi-Fi on, it will crash. For debug purpose, it can be called later when you are sure that Wi-Fi or Ethernet is up.
state () -> int
Returns the internal state of Tasmota web server. Possible values are webserver.HTTP_OFF, webserver.HTTP_USER, webserver.HTTP_ADMIN, webserver.HTTP_MANAGER, webserver.HTTP_MANAGER_RESET_ONLY.
content_open (http_code:int, mimetype:string) -> nil
Sets http code and mime type for the response
content_start (string) -> nil
Start response page with title
content_response (string) -> nil
Sends a response to a XMLHttpRequest
content_send_style () -> nil
Sends the standard Tasmota style
content_flush () -> nil
Flush the buffer and send any buffered content to the client
content_stop () -> nil
End of the response, closes the connection
redirect (string) -> nil
Sets location header, and http status 302

Module webserver also defines the following constants:

  • Tasmota's web server states: webserver.HTTP_OFF, webserver.HTTP_USER, webserver.HTTP_ADMIN, webserver.HTTP_MANAGER, webserver.HTTP_MANAGER_RESET_ONLY
  • Tasmota's pages: webserver.BUTTON_CONFIGURATION, webserver.BUTTON_INFORMATION, webserver.BUTTON_MAIN, webserver.BUTTON_MANAGEMENT, webserver.BUTTON_MODULE
  • Methods received by handler: webserver.HTTP_ANY, webserver.HTTP_GET, webserver.HTTP_OPTIONS, webserver.HTTP_POST

See the Berry Cookbook for examples.

tcpclient class~

Simple tcp client supporting string and binary transfers:

  • create an instance of the client with var tcp = tcpclient()
  • connect to the server tcp.connect(address:string, port:int [, timeout_ms:int]) -> bool Address can be numerical IPv4 or domain name. Returns true if the connection succeeded. Optional timeout in milliseconds. The default timeout is USE_BERRY_WEBCLIENT_TIMEOUT (2 seconds).
  • check if the socket is connected with tcp.connected()
  • send content with tcp.write(content:string or bytes) -> int. Accepts either a string or a bytes buffer, returns the number of bytes sent. It's your responsibility to resend the missing bytes
  • check if bytes are available for reading tcp.available() -> int. Returns 0 if nothing was received. This is the call you should make in loops for polling.
  • read incoming content as string tcp.read() -> string or as bytes tcp.readbytes() -> bytes. It is best to call tcp.available() first to avoid creating empty response objects when not needed
  • close the socket with tcp.close()
tcpclient Function Parameters and details
connect connect(address:string, port:int [, timeout_ms:int]) -> bool
Connect to addr:port with optional timeout in milliseconds (default 2s).
Returns true if connection was successful, the call is blocking until the connection succeeded to the timeout expired.
connected connected() -> bool
Returns true if the connection was successful and is still valid (not dropped by server or closed by client)
close close() -> nil
Drops the current connection.
write write(content:string or bytes) -> int
Accepts either a string or a bytes buffer, returns the number of bytes sent. It's you responsibility to resend the missing bytes.
Returns 0 if something went wrong.
available available() -> int
Returns the number of bytes received in buffer and ready to be read.
read read([max_len:int]) -> string
Returns all the bytes received in Rx buffer as string.
Optional max_len parameter limits the number of characters returned, or read as much as possible by default.
readbytes read([max_bytes:int]) -> bytes()
Returns all the bytes received in Rx buffer as bytes().
Optional max_bytes parameter limits the number of bytes returned, or read as much as possible by default.

Full example:

tcp = tcpclient()
tcp.connect("192.168.2.204", 80)
print("connected:", tcp.connected())
s= "GET / HTTP/1.0\r\n\r\n"
tcp.write(s)
print("available1:", tcp.available())
tasmota.delay(100)
print("available1:", tcp.available())
r = tcp.read()
tcp.close()
print(r)

tcpclientasync class~

Variant of tcpclient using only non-blocking calls in full asynchronous mode. This allows to have multiple concurrent connections with fine-grained control over timeouts and no blocking of Tasmota. This is especially useful for Matter Border Router for ESP8266 Tasmota based devices via HTTP.

All calls return immediately, so you need to poll the API periodically to send/receive data, and manage timeouts yourself.

Typical equence:

  • create an instance of the client with var tcp = tcpclientasync()
  • connect to the server tcp.connect(address:string, port:int) -> bool. Address should be numerical IPv4 or IPv6 if you want the call to return immediately (i.e. do DNS resolution ahead of time), otherwise a DNS resolution might take some time and fail. If DNS failed, this call returns false.
  • regularly call connected() waiting for true to detect when the connection is established. While connected() returns nil then connection is in-progress. If connected() changes to false then the connection was refused by the host.
  • if the connection is not established after a definite amount of time, you should declare 'timeout' and call close()
  • to send data: first call listening() to ensure that the socket is ready to send data. Note: the socket is always listening when the connection was just established. Then call write() to send you data (string or bytes), this call returns the actual amount of data sent; if it is lower than your content, you need to handle yourself re-sending the remaining data. Note: ensuring that you send less than the MTU should keep you from happening (~1430 bytes max).
  • to receive data: first call available() to check if some data is ready to be received. Then call read() or readbytes() to get the buffer as string or bytes. You can limit the amount of data received, but in such case, the extra data is discarded and lost.
  • regularly call connected() to check if the connection is still up
  • finally call close() to close the connection on your side and free resources. It is implicitly called if the connection was closed from the peer.
tcpclient Function Parameters and details
connect connect(address:string, port:int) -> bool
Initiates a connection to addr:port.
If addr is in numerical format, DNS is immediate, and this calls returns immediately.
If addr is a domain name, the DNS resolution is made in blocking mode and call returns true if successful, or false if DNS failed.
Hence if you want a pure non-blocking mode, you should do the DNS resolution ahead of time.
connected connected() -> bool or nil
Returns:
nil if the connection in still on-going and was not yet established
true if the connection is established.
false if the connection is down, either because it was refused or closed (if it changed from true to false)
listening listening() -> bool
Returns true if the socket is ready to send data (hence established and out buffer empty), or false if the out buffer is not empty or the connection is down.
You should always wait for listening() to be true before calling write().
available available() -> int
Returns the number of bytes received in buffer and ready to be read, or 0 if nothing to read.
close close() -> nil
Close the current connection and free the file descriptor.
write write(content:string or bytes) -> int
Accepts either a string or a bytes buffer, returns the number of bytes sent. It's you responsibility to resend the missing bytes.
Returns 0 if something went wrong.
read read([max_len:int]) -> string
Returns all the bytes received in Rx buffer as string.
Optional max_len parameter limits the number of characters returned, or read as much as possible by default. However in the non-blocking version, limiting receive buffer will truncate (and lose) any extra data.
readbytes read([max_bytes:int]) -> bytes()
Returns all the bytes received in Rx buffer as bytes().
Optional max_bytes parameter limits the number of bytes returned, or read as much as possible by default. However in the non-blocking version, limiting receive buffer will truncate (and lose) any extra data.
info info() -> map
Returns a map with various information about the socket.
Example: {'listening': true, 'local_addr': '192.168.1.20', 'available': false, 'fd': 50, 'remote_addr': '192.168.1.54', 'connected': true, 'local_port': 64808, 'remote_port': 53469}
fd: the file descriptor number used internally
connected, listening, available: values of corresponding methods
remote_addr, remote_port: remote address used and remote port
local_addr, local_port: local address used and local port.

Full example:

def try_connect(addr, port)
  import string
  var tcp = tcpclientasync()
  var now = tasmota.millis()
  var r = tcp.connect(addr, port)
  print(string.format("Time=%5i state=%s", tasmota.millis()-now, str(tcp.connected())))
  print(tcp.info())
  tasmota.delay(50)
  print(string.format("Time=%5i state=%s", tasmota.millis()-now, str(tcp.connected())))
  print(tcp.info())
  tasmota.delay(150)
  print(string.format("Time=%5i state=%s", tasmota.millis()-now, str(tcp.connected())))
  print(tcp.info())
  tasmota.delay(500)
  print(string.format("Time=%5i state=%s", tasmota.millis()-now, str(tcp.connected())))
  print(tcp.info())
  return tcp
end
tcp = try_connect("192.168.1.19", 80)

tcpserver class~

Simple tcp server (socket) listening for incoming connection on any port.

  • create an instance of the tcpserver on a specific port with s = tcpserver(8888)
  • periodically call s.hasclient() to know if a new client has connected
  • if the previous returned true, call var c = s.accept() or var c = s.acceptasync() to accept the connection. It returns an instance of tcpclient or tcpclientasync; it responds to the same APIs as outgoing TCP connection and allows text and binary transfers.
  • you can call c.close() to close the connection, or call c.connected() to know if it's still connected (i.e. the client hasn't closed the connection on their side)
  • close the server with s.close(). This will prevent the server from receinving any new connection, but existing connections are kept alive.
tcpserver Function Parameters and details
constructor tcpserver(port:int) -> nit
Opens a socket on port and starts lisenting to new incoming connections. If the server can't open the socket (ex: it is already in use) an exception is raised
hasclient hasclient() -> bool
Returns true if a new client connected to the socket, in such case you should call accept(). You need to call this method regularly (ex: in event loop or fast_loop)
accept accept() -> instance:tcpclient or nil
Returns an instance of tcpclient for the new incoming connection, or raise an exception if no connection is available. You should call hasclient() returning true before calling accept().
acceptasync acceptasync() -> instance:tcpclientasync or nil
Returns an instance of tcpclientasync for the new incoming connection, or raise an exception if no connection is available. You should call hasclient() returning true before calling acceptasync().
close close() -> nil
Closes the server and makes the port available again.

Full example:

> s = tcpserver(8888)    # listen on port 8888
> s.hasclient()
false

# in parallel connect on this port with `nc <ip_address> 8888`

> s.hasclient()
true               # we have an incoming connection
> c = s.accept()
> c
<instance: tcpclient()>

# send 'foobar' from the client
> c.read()
foobar

# send 'foobar2' again from the client
> c.readbytes()
bytes('666F6F626172320A')

> c.close()
# this closes the connection

udp class~

Class udp provides ability to send and received UDP packets, including multicast addresses.

You need to create an object of class udp. Such object can send packets and listen to local ports. If you don't specify a local port, the client will take a random source port. Otherwise the local port is used as source port.

When creating a local port, you need to use udp->begin(<ip>, <port)>. If <ip> is empty string "" then the port is open on all interfaces (wifi and ethernet).

General Function Parameters and details
udp() udp() -> <instance udp>
Creates an instance of udp class.
begin begin(interface:string, port:int) -> bool
Create a UDP listener and sender on a specific interface (IP address) or on all interfaces if interface is an empty string
Listen on a specific port number, or set 0 to choose a random free port for sending only
Returns true if successful.
begin_multicast begin(ip:string, port:int) -> bool
Create a UDP listener and sender on interface ip and port. ip must be a multicast address.
Returns true if successful.
close close() -> bil
Closes UDP listener and sender, and frees resources. You can't send or receive anymore with this instance.
send send(addr:string, port:int, payload:bytes) -> bool
Sends a packet to address addr, port port and message as bytes() buffer.
Returns true if successful.
send_multicast send(payload:bytes) -> bool
Sends a payload as bytes() buffer to the multicast address. begin_multicast() must have been previously called.
Returns true if successful.
You can also send a multicast packet with send if you specify the multicast address and port.
read read() -> bytes() ornil<BR>Reads any received udp packet as bytes() buffer, ornil` if no packet was received.
remote_ip remote_ip (string or nil)
Instance variable containing the remote ip (as string) from the last successful read() command.
remote_port remote_port (int or nil)
Instance variable containing the remote port (as int) from the last successful read() command.

Sending udp packets~

> u = udp()
> u.begin("", 2000)    # listen on all interfaces, port 2000
true
> u.send("192.168.1.10", 2000, bytes("414243"))   # send 'ABC' to 192.168.1.10:2000, source port is 2000
true

Receive udp packets~

You need to do polling on udp->read(). If no packet was received, the call immediately returns nil.

> u = udp()
> u.begin("", 2000)    # listen on all interfaces, port 2000
true
> u.read()     # if no packet received, returns `nil`
>

> u.read()     # if no packet received, returns `nil`
bytes("414243")    # received packet as `bytes()`

Simple UDP server printing received packets~

class udp_listener
  var u
  def init(ip, port)
    self.u = udp()
    print(self.u.begin_multicast(ip, port))
    tasmota.add_driver(self)
  end
  def every_50ms()
    import string
    var packet = self.u.read()
    while packet != nil
      tasmota.log(string.format(">>> Received packet ([%s]:%i): %s", self.u.remote_ip, self.u.remote_port, packet.tohex()), 2)
      packet = self.u.read()
    end
  end
end

# listen on port 2000 for all interfaces
# udp_listener("", 2000)

Send and receive multicast~

IPv4 example, using the udp_listener listener above.

On receiver side:

udp_listener("224.3.0.1", 2000)

On sender side:

u = udp()
u.begin_multicast("224.3.0.1", 2000)
u.send_multicast(bytes().fromstring("hello"))

# alternatively
u = udp()
u.begin("", 0)      # send on all interfaces, choose random port number
u.send("224.3.0.1", 2000, bytes().fromstring("world"))

The receiver will show:

>>> Received packet ([192.168.x.x]:2000): 68656C6C6F
>>> Received packet ([192.168.x.x]:64882): 776F726C64

This works the same with IPv6 using an address like "FF35:0040:FD00::AABB"

mdns module~

Module import mdns support for mdns (Multicast DNS, aka Bonjour protocol) announces. This is needed for Matter Wifi support.

This feature requires #define USE_DISCOVERY compile option (not included in standard builds).

Example (announce of a Matter Wifi device):

import mdns
mdns.start()
mdns.add_service("_matterc","_udp", 5540, {"VP":"65521+32768", "SII":5000, "SAI":300, "T":1, "D":3840, "CM":1, "PH":33, "PI":""})
General Function Parameters and details
start mdns.start([hostname: string]) -> nil
Start or restart mdns, specify a new hostname if needed or implicitly use tasmota.hostname() if none provided (default)
stop mdns.stop() -> nil
Free all mdns resources
set_hostname mdsn.set_hostname(hostname:string) -> nil
Change the hostname
add_service mdns.add_service(service:string, proto:string, port:int, txt:map) -> nil
Add a service declaration using the current hostname as instance name, and specify TXT fields as a map

Addressable leds (WS2812, SK6812)~

There is native support for addressable leds via NeoPixelBus, with support for animations. Currently supported: WS2812, SK6812.

Details are in Berry leds

serial class~

The serial class provides a low-level interface to hardware UART. The serial GPIOs don't need to be configured in the template.

Example

# gpio_rx:4 gpio_tx:5
ser = serial(4, 5, 9600, serial.SERIAL_7E1)

ser.write(bytes(203132))   # send binary 203132
ser.write(bytes().fromstring("Hello))   # send string "Hello"

msg = ser.read()   # read bytes from serial as bytes
print(msg.asstring())   # print the message as string
Tasmota Function Parameters and details
serial (constructor) serial(gpio_rx:int, gpio_tx:int, baud:int [, mode:int, inverted:bool])
Creates a serial object
gpio_rx receive GPIO (or -1 if transmit only)
gpio_tx transmit GPIO (or -1 if receive only)
baud speed, ex: 9600, 115200
mode serial message format, default is serial.SERIAL_8N1 (8 bits, no parity, 1 stop bit)
inverted true if signal is inverted (inactive low), default false
Other mode values are described below.
config_tx_en config_tx_en(phy_gpio:int) -> nil
Configures the Tx EN GPIO, or -1 to clear it. Typically used for RS485.
write write(val:int || bytes()) -> bytes_sent:int
Send either a single byte if argument is int, or send a binary message from a bytes() object.
The methods blocks until all messages are sent to the UART hardware buffer; they may not all have been sent over the wire
read read(void) -> bytes()
Read all bytes received in the incoming buffer. If the buffer is empty, returns an empty bytes() object
flush flush(void) -> void
Flushes all buffers. Waits for all outgoing messages to be sent over the wire and clear the incoming buffer.
available available(void) -> int
Returns the number of incoming bytes in the incoming buffer, 0 in none.
close close(void) -> nil
Closes the serial port and deallocates resources and hardware serial. After this, any call to the serial instance will return nil and will have no effect

Supported serial message formats: SERIAL_5N1, SERIAL_6N1, SERIAL_7N1, SERIAL_8N1, SERIAL_5N2, SERIAL_6N2, SERIAL_7N2, SERIAL_8N2, SERIAL_5E1, SERIAL_6E1, SERIAL_7E1, SERIAL_8E1, SERIAL_5E2, SERIAL_6E2, SERIAL_7E2, SERIAL_8E2, SERIAL_5O1, SERIAL_6O1, SERIAL_7O1, SERIAL_8O1, SERIAL_5O2, SERIAL_6O2, SERIAL_7O2, SERIAL_8O2

display module~

The display module provides a simple API to initialize the Universal Display Driver with data provided as a string. It is used by autoconf mechanism.

Tasmota Function Parameters and details
start display.start(displayini:string) -> nil
Initializes the Universal Display Driver with the string provided as argument, similar to content in display.ini. It is typically read from a file in the file-system.
started display.started() -> bool
Returns true if display is already initialized, false if not started.
dimmer display.dimmer([dim:int]) -> int
Sets the dimmer of display, value 0..100. If 0 then turn off display. If no arg, read the current value.
driver_name display.driver_name() -> string
Returns the Display driver name as specified in display.ini
touch_update display.touch_update(touches:int, raw_x:int, raw_y:int, gesture:int) -> nil
Sets the last Touch Screen update values to be passed to LVGL. This allows an external touchscreen driver to periodically update the touch information.
touches: number of touches (0 = no touch, 1 = screen touched). Multiple touch is not supported
raw_x and raw_y = coordinates before conversion (resistive touch screens need conversion)
gesture: type of gesture. 0 = no gesture, 16 = move up, 17 = move down, 18 = move left, 19 = move right, 32 = zoom in, 33 = zoom out.

uuid module~

The uuid module allows to generate uuid4 random ids.

> import uuid
> uuid.uuid4()
1a8b7f78-59d8-4868-96a7-b7ff3477d43f
Tasmota Function Parameters and details
uuid4 uuid.uuid4() -> string
Generates a uuid4 random id as string.

crc module~

The crc module allows to compute crc32/16/8 from bytes() arrays.

> import crc
> crc.crc32(0xFFFFFFFF, bytes("AABBCC"))
-1091314015
> crc.crc16(0xFFFF, bytes("AABBCC"))
20980
> crc.crc8(0xFF, bytes("AABBCC"))
139
Tasmota Function Parameters and details
crc32 crc.crc32(crc:int, payload:bytes) -> int
Compute crc32 from an initial value and a bytes() buffer
crc16 crc.crc16(crc:int, payload:bytes) -> int
Compute crc16 from an initial value and a bytes() buffer
crc8 crc.crc8(crc:int, payload:bytes) -> int
Compute crc8 from an initial value and a bytes() buffer

tasmota_log_reader class~

The tasmota_log_reader class allows you to read and potentially parse the Tasmota logs. It keeps track of what logs were already read in the past and feeds you with new log lines if some are available. It is for example used by the LVGL tasmota_log widget to display logs on a display.

Note: calling tasmota_log_reader can be expensive in string allocations, and adds pressure on the garbage collector. Use wisely.

Example:

var lr = tasmota_log_reader()

# do this regularly
var ret = lr.get_log(2)    # read at log level 2
if ret != nil
  var lines = r.split('\n')  # extract as a list of lines
  # do whatever you need
end
Tasmota Function Parameters and details
tasmota_log_reader() tasmota_log_reader(void) -> instance(tasmota_log_reader)
Instantiate a new tasmota_log_reader. Multiple readers can coexist and they each keep track of already read log lines
get_log get_log(log_level:int) -> string or nil
Returns new log lines as a big string object. Lines are separated by \n. Returns nil if no new logs are available.
log_level can be 0..4 and specifies the highest log level that we be reported (it is usually wise to start with 2). Higher log level will be reported only if they are recorded, i.e. there is at least one logger that asks for it. This class does not cause log-level 4 to be recorded if none other loggers are recording them (weblog, mqttlog or seriallog).

ULP module~

The ULP module exposes the third computing unit of the ESP32, which is a simple finite state machine (FSM) that is designed to perform measurements using the ADC, temperature sensor and even external I2C sensors. This small ultra low power coprocessor can run in parallel to the main cores and in deep sleep mode, where it is capable to wake up the system, i.e. in reaction to sensor measurements. The binding to Berry consists of some lightweight wrapper functions and the communication with the main cores works by accessing the RTC_SLOW_MEM from both sides, which is the same way as in any other ESP32 ULP project.

# simple LED blink example
import ULP
ULP.wake_period(0,500000) # off time
ULP.wake_period(1,200000) # on time 
c = bytes("756c70000c006c00000000001000008000000000000000000000000010008072010000d0e5af2c72340040802705cc190005681d10008072e1af8c720100006821008072040000d0120080720800207004000068010005825c0000800405681d00000092680000800505681d0100009268000080000000b0")
ULP.load(c)
ULP.run()
Tasmota Function Parameters and details
run ULP.run() -> nil
Execute ULP prgramm
load ULP.load(code:bytes) -> nil
Load ULP code from a bytes() buffer into memory
set_mem ULP.set_mem(addr:int, value:int) -> nil
Set memory position in RTC_SLOW_MEM to value. Address and Value are 32-bit!!
get_mem ULP.set_mem(addr:int) -> int16_t
Get value from memory position in RTC_SLOW_MEM. By hardware design only the lower 16-bit are usable, so this function already masks out the upper 16-bit
gpio_init ULP.gpio_init(pin:int, mode:int) -> pin:int
Makes a valid GPIO pin accessible to the ULP and sets the mode according to the enum 'rtc_gpio_mode_t', returns the same pin, but translated to the RTC system, which is the numbering scheme in the assembly code
adc_config ULP.adc_config(channel:int, attenuation:int, width:int) -> nil
Configures ADC pin usage for the ULP according to the enums ' adc1_channel_t', 'adc_atten_t' and 'adc_bits_width_t'
wake_period ULP.wake_period(register:int, time:int) -> nil
Configures one of 5 (0..4) wake timer registers with the time value in microseconds
sleep ULP.wake_period([time:int]) -> nil
Starts deep sleep mode and allow wake up by the ULP, with an optional time value in seconds an additional wake up timer gets started

More infos (including suggestions for a toolchain) on the ULP page.

re regex module~

Use with import re.

There are two ways to use regex, first is to call directly the module which triggers a compilation of the regex at each call. The second one is to pre-compile the regex once into an object which is much more efficient if you need to use the regex multiple times. Any error in the compilation of the regex pattern yields an exception.

> import re

# first series are all-in-one, patterns are compiled on the fly

> re.search("a.*?b(z+)", "zaaaabbbccbbzzzee")
['aaaabbbccbbzzz', 'zzz']
> re.match("a.*?b(z+)", "aaaabbbccbbzzzee")
['aaaabbbccbbzzz', 'zzz']
> re.split('/', "foo/bar//baz")
['foo', 'bar', '', 'baz']
> re.searchall('<([a-zA-Z]+)>', '<abc> yeah <xyz>')
[['<abc>', 'abc'], ['<xyz>', 'xyz']]

# below are pre-compiled patterns, which is much faster if you use the
# pattern multiple times

> rr = re.compile('<([a-zA-Z]+)>')
> rr.searchall('<abc> yeah <xyz>')
[['<abc>', 'abc'], ['<xyz>', 'xyz']]

> rr = re.compile("/")
> rr
<instance: re_pattern()>

> rr.split("foo/bar//baz")
['foo', 'bar', '', 'baz']
> rr.split("/b")
['', 'b']
Tasmota Function Parameters and details
search re.search(pattern:string, payload:string) -> list of strings
Returns the list of matches, or empty list of no match
match re.match(pattern:string, payload:string) -> list of strings
Returns the list of matches, or empty list of no match. The difference with search is that match must match from the beginning of the string.
searchall re.searchall(pattern:string, payload:string [, limit:string]) -> list of list of strings
Returns the list of list of matches, or empty list of no match. limit allows to limit the number of matches.
matchall re.matchall(pattern:string, payload:string [, limit:string]) -> list of list of strings
Returns the list of matches, or empty list of no match. The difference with searchall is that there should not be any gaps between matches. limit allows to limit the number of matches.
split re.search(pattern:string, payload:string) -> list of strings
Returns the list of strings from split, or a list with a single element containing the entire string if no match
compile re.compile(pattern:string) -> instance of <re_pattern>
Compiles the regex into a reusable faster bytecode. You can then call the following methods:
search(), match(), split() similarly to the module's functions.

Note: for match and search, the first element in the list contains the global match of the pattern. Additional elements correspond to the sub-groups (in parenthesis).

The regex engine is based on re1.5 also used in Micropython.

crypto module~

Module import crypto support for common cryptographic algorithms.

Currently supported algorithms:

  • AES CTR 256 bits - requires #define USE_BERRY_CRYPTO_AES_CTR
  • AES GCM 256 bits
  • AES CCM 128 or 256 bits
  • AES CBC 128 bits
  • Elliptic Curve C25519 - requires #define USE_BERRY_CRYPTO_EC_C25519
  • Elliptic Curve P256 (secp256r1) - requires #define USE_BERRY_CRYPTO_EC_P256
  • HKDF key derivation with HMAC SHA256 - requires #define USE_BERRY_CRYPTO_HKDF_SHA256
  • HMAC SHA256
  • MD5
  • PKKDF2 with HMAC SHA256 key derivation - requires #define USE_BERRY_CRYPTO_PBKDF2_HMAC_SHA256
  • SHA256
  • JWT RS256 (RSASSA-PKCS1-v1_5 with SHA256) - requires #define USE_BERRY_CRYPTO_RSA

crypto.AES_CTR class~

Encrypt and decrypt, using AES CTR (Counter mode) with 256 bits keys.

General Function Parameters and details
init AES_CTR.init(secret_key:bytes(32)) -> instance
Initialise AES CTR instance with secret_key (256 bits) and iv (initialization vector or nonce, 96 bits)
encrypt encrypt(ciphertext:bytes, iv:bytes(12), cc:int) -> bytes
Encrypt the ciphertext. The iv (Initialization Vector) must be 12 bytes, it can be the concatenation of 4 bytes Nonce and 8 bytes iv. cc is the counter (4 bytes) incremented for each block of 16 bytes.
Note: the last counter value is not returned, so it is advised to encrypt all data at once.
decrypt decrypt(ciphertext:bytes, iv:bytes(12), cc:int) -> bytes
Identical to encrypt above.

Test vectors from https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4231

# Test case from https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3686.txt
import crypto
key = bytes("F6D66D6BD52D59BB0796365879EFF886C66DD51A5B6A99744B50590C87A23884")
iv = bytes("00FAAC24C1585EF15A43D875")
cc = 0x000001
aes = crypto.AES_CTR(key)
plain = bytes("000102030405060708090A0B0C0D0E0F101112131415161718191A1B1C1D1E1F")
cipher = aes.encrypt(plain, iv, cc)
assert(cipher == bytes("F05E231B3894612C49EE000B804EB2A9B8306B508F839D6A5530831D9344AF1C"))
plain2 = aes.decrypt(cipher, iv, cc)
assert(plain == plain2)

crypto.AES_GCM class~

Encrypt, decrypt and verify, using AES GCM (Gallois Counter Mode) with 256 bits keys.

General Function Parameters and details
init AES_GCM.init(secret_key:bytes(32), iv:bytes(12)) -> instance
Initialise AES GCM instance with secret_key (256 bits) and iv (initialization vector or nonce, 96 bits)
encrypt encrypt(ciphertext:bytes) -> bytes
Encrypt the ciphertext. Can be called multiple times, the tag is updated accordingly
decrypt decrypt(ciphertext:bytes) -> bytes
Decrypt the ciphertext. Can be called multiple times, the tag is updated accordingly
tag tag() -> bytes
Compute the verification tag for the object encrypted or decrypted (128 bits).

Example taken from https://wizardforcel.gitbooks.io/practical-cryptography-for-developers-book/content/symmetric-key-ciphers/aes-encrypt-decrypt-examples.html

import crypto

key = bytes('233f8ce4ac6aa125927ccd98af5750d08c9c61d98a3f5d43cbf096b4caaebe80')
ciphertext = bytes('1334cd5d487f7f47924187c94424a2079656838e063e5521e7779e441aa513de268550a89917fbfb0492fc')
iv = bytes('2f3849399c60cb04b923bd33265b81c7')
authTag = bytes('af453a410d142bc6f926c0f3bc776390')

# decrypt ciphertext with key and iv
aes = crypto.AES_GCM(key, iv)
plaintext = aes.decrypt(ciphertext)
print(plaintext.asstring())
# 'Message for AES-256-GCM + Scrypt encryption'

tag = aes.tag()
print(tag == authTag)
# true

crypto.AES_CCM class~

Encrypt and decrypt, using AES CCM with 256 bits keys.

General Function Parameters and details
init AES_CCM.init(secret_key:bytes(16 or 32), iv:bytes(7..13), aad:bytes(), data_len:int, tag_len:int) -> instance
Initialise AES CCM instance with secret_key (128 or 256 bits), iv (initialization vector or nonce, 56 to 104 bits), aad is the associated data, data_len is the size of the payload that you need to announce in advance, tag_len is the lenght in bytes of the tag (normally 16).
encrypt encrypt(ciphertext:bytes) -> bytes
Encrypt the ciphertext.
decrypt decrypt(ciphertext:bytes) -> bytes
Identical to encrypt above.
tag tag() -> bytes
Returns the tag or MIC.
decrypt1 AES_CCM.decrypt1(secret_key:bytes(16 or 32), iv:bytes(), iv_start:int, iv_len:int (7..13), aad:bytes(), aad_start:int, aad_len:int, data:bytes(), data_start:int, data_len:int, tag:bytes(), tag_start:int, tag_len:int (4..16)) -> bool (true if tag matches)
Decrypt in a single call, avoiding any object allocation
encrypt1 AES_CCM.encrypt1(secret_key:bytes(16 or 32), iv:bytes(), iv_start:int, iv_len:int (7..13), aad:bytes(), aad_start:int, aad_len:int, data:bytes(), data_start:int, data_len:int, tag:bytes(), tag_start:int, tag_len:int (4..16)) -> bool (always true)
Decrypt in a single call, avoiding any object allocation. Data is encrypted in-place and Tag is changed in the buffer.

Example from Matter:

# raw_in is the received frame
raw_in = bytes("00A0DE009A5E3D0F3E85246C0EB1AA630A99042B82EC903483E26A4148C8AC909B12EF8CDB6B144493ABD6278EDBA8859C9B2C")

payload_idx = 8     # unencrypted header is 8 bytes
tag_len = 16        # MIC is 16 bytes

p = raw[payload_idx .. -tag_len - 1]   # payload
mic = raw[-tag_len .. ]                # MIC
a = raw[0 .. payload_idx - 1]          # AAD

i2r = bytes("92027B9F0DBC82491D4C3B3AFA5F2DEB")   # key
# p   = bytes("3E85246C0EB1AA630A99042B82EC903483E26A4148C8AC909B12EF")
# a     = bytes("00A0DE009A5E3D0F")
n   = bytes("009A5E3D0F0000000000000000")         # nonce / IV
# mic = bytes("8CDB6B144493ABD6278EDBA8859C9B2C")

# expected cleartext
clr = bytes("05024FF601001536001724020024031D2404031818290324FF0118")

# method 1 - with distinct calls
import crypto
aes = crypto.AES_CCM(i2r, n, a, size(p), 16)
cleartext = aes.decrypt(p)
tag = aes.tag()

assert(cleartext == clr)
assert(tag == mic)

# method 2 - single call
raw = raw_in.copy()      # copy first if we want to keep the encrypted version
var ret = crypto.AES_CCM.decrypt1(i2r, n, 0, size(n), raw, 0, payload_idx, raw, payload_idx, size(raw) - payload_idx - tag_len, raw, size(raw) - tag_len, tag_len)

assert(ret)
assert(raw[payload_idx .. -tag_len - 1] == clr)

crypto.AES_CBC class~

Encrypt and decrypt, using AES CBC with 128 bits keys.

General Function Parameters and details
decrypt1 AES_CBC.decrypt1(secret_key:bytes(16), iv:bytes(16), data:bytes(n*16)) -> bool (always true)
Decrypt in a single call in-place, avoiding any object allocation
encrypt1 AES_CBC.encrypt1(secret_key:bytes(16), iv:bytes(16), data:bytes(n*16)) -> bool (always true)
Decrypt in a single call, avoiding any object allocation. Data is encrypted in-place and IV is changed in the buffer too.

Example:

var b = bytes().fromstring("hello world_____") # 16-byte aligned
var key = bytes().fromstring("1122334455667788") # 16 bytes
var iv = bytes().fromstring("8877665544332211") # 16 bytes

print("data:",b.asstring()) # "hello world_____"
import crypto
aes = crypto.AES_CBC()
aes.encrypt1(key, iv, b)
print("cipher:",b)
iv = bytes().fromstring("8877665544332211")
aes.decrypt1(key, iv, b)
print("decrypted data:",b.asstring()) # "hello world_____"

crypto.EC_C25519 class~

Provides Elliptic Curve C25519 Diffie-Hellman key agreement. Requires #define USE_BERRY_CRYPTO_EC_C25519

General Function Parameters and details
public_key crypto.EC_C25519().public_key(secret_key:bytes(32)) -> bytes(32)
Computes the public key given a random private key.
shared_key crypto.EC_C25519().shared_key(our_private_key:bytes(32), their_public_key:bytes(32)) -> bytes(32)
Compute a shared key (Diffie-Hellman) using our private key and the other party's public key. The other party will compute the same shared key using their private key and our pubic key.

Example from test vectors https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7748:

import crypto

# alice side
alice_priv_key = bytes("77076d0a7318a57d3c16c17251b26645df4c2f87ebc0992ab177fba51db92c2a")
alice_pub_key = bytes("8520f0098930a754748b7ddcb43ef75a0dbf3a0d26381af4eba4a98eaa9b4e6a")
assert(crypto.EC_C25519().public_key(alice_priv_key) == alice_pub_key)

# bob side
bob_priv_key = bytes("5dab087e624a8a4b79e17f8b83800ee66f3bb1292618b6fd1c2f8b27ff88e0eb")
bob_pub_key = bytes("de9edb7d7b7dc1b4d35b61c2ece435373f8343c85b78674dadfc7e146f882b4f")
assert(crypto.EC_C25519().public_key(bob_priv_key) == bob_pub_key)

# shared key computed by alice
ref_shared_key = bytes("4a5d9d5ba4ce2de1728e3bf480350f25e07e21c947d19e3376f09b3c1e161742")
alice_shared_key = crypto.EC_C25519().shared_key(alice_priv_key, bob_pub_key)
bob_shared_key = crypto.EC_C25519().shared_key(bob_priv_key, alice_pub_key)
assert(alice_shared_key == ref_shared_key)
assert(bob_shared_key == ref_shared_key)

crypto.EC_P256 class~

Provides Elliptic Curve Prime256 (secp256r1) Diffie-Hellman key agreement and various functions on P256 curve. Requires #define USE_BERRY_CRYPTO_EC_P256

General Function Parameters and details
public_key crypto.EC_P256().public_key(secret_key:bytes(32)) -> bytes(65)
Computes the public key given a random private key. The result is uncompressed point coordinates starting with 0x04 (65 bytes in total)
shared_key crypto.EC_P256().shared_key(our_private_key:bytes(32), their_public_key:bytes(65)) -> bytes(32)
Compute a shared key (Diffie-Hellman) using our private key and the other party's public key. The other party will compute the same shared key using their private key and our pubic key.
The result is actually the X coordinate of the multiplication of the points coordinates of the public key, and a large number (private key)
Specific Functions Parameters and details
mod crypto.EC_P256().mod(data:bytes()) -> bytes(32)
Computes the modulus of an arbitrary large number. The modulus is done towards the order of the curve.
neg crypto.EC_P256().neg(data:bytes(32)) -> bytes(32)
-x mod p or p - x if x is lower than p
Computes the opposite (negate) of a number modulus the order of the curve (it's actuall modulus - data).
mul crypto.EC_P256().mul(x:bytes(), A:bytes(65)) -> bytes(65)
x * A
Computes multiplication of a number and a point on the curve.
x needs to be smaller than p, use mod() if not sure
The function checks that the point A is on the curve, or raises an error
muladd crypto.EC_P256().muladd(x:bytes(), A:bytes(65), y:bytes(), B:bytes(65)) -> bytes(65)
x * A + y * B
x and y need to be smaller than p, use mod() if not sure
The function checks that the points A and B are on the curve, or raises an error
If B is empty bytes(), the Generator P of the curve is used instead.

Example:

import crypto
priv = bytes("f502fb911d746b77f4438c674e1c43650b68285dfcc0583c49cd6ed88f0fbb58")
p = crypto.EC_P256()
pub = p.public_key(priv)
assert(pub == bytes("04F94C20D682DA29B7E99985D8DBA6ABEA9051D16508742899835098B1113D3D749466644C47B559DB184556C1733C33E5788AE250B8FB45F29D4CF48FF752C1ED"))

import crypto
priv = bytes("4E832960415F2B5FA2B1FDA75C1A8F3C84BAEB189EDC47211EF6D27A21FC0ED8")
p = crypto.EC_P256()
pub = p.public_key(priv)
assert(pub == bytes("042166AE4F89981472B7589B8D79B8F1244E2EEE6E0A737FFBFED2981DA3E193D6643317E054D2A924F2F56F1BF4BECA13192B27D8566AF379FBBF8615A223D899"))
print("x=",pub[1..32])
print("y=",pub[33..65])

import crypto
p = crypto.EC_P256()
priv_A = bytes("f502fb911d746b77f4438c674e1c43650b68285dfcc0583c49cd6ed88f0fbb58")
pub_A = bytes("04F94C20D682DA29B7E99985D8DBA6ABEA9051D16508742899835098B1113D3D749466644C47B559DB184556C1733C33E5788AE250B8FB45F29D4CF48FF752C1ED")
priv_B = bytes("4E832960415F2B5FA2B1FDA75C1A8F3C84BAEB189EDC47211EF6D27A21FC0ED8")
pub_B = bytes("042166AE4F89981472B7589B8D79B8F1244E2EEE6E0A737FFBFED2981DA3E193D6643317E054D2A924F2F56F1BF4BECA13192B27D8566AF379FBBF8615A223D899")

shared_1 = p.shared_key(priv_A, pub_B)
shared_2 = p.shared_key(priv_B, pub_A)
assert(shared_1 == shared_2)

crypto.HKDF_SHA256 class~

Provides HKDF using HMAC SHA256 key derivation. Turns 'ikm' (input keying material) of low entropy and creates a pseudo random key. Requires #define USE_BERRY_CRYPTO_HKDF_SHA256

General Function Parameters and details
derive crypto.HKDF_SHA256().derive(ikm:bytes(), salt:bytes(), info:bytes(), out_bytes:int) -> bytes(out_bytes)
Computes a key derivation function
ikm is the input keying material, typically a password
salt can be empty
info can be empty and is used to create multiple derived keys
out_bytes indicates the number of bytes to generate (between 1 and 256)

Test vectors from https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5869

import crypto

# Test Case 1
hk = crypto.HKDF_SHA256()
ikm = bytes("0B0B0B0B0B0B0B0B0B0B0B0B0B0B0B0B0B0B0B0B0B0B")
salt = bytes("000102030405060708090A0B0C")
info = bytes("F0F1F2F3F4F5F6F7F8F9")
k = hk.derive(ikm, salt, info, 42)
assert(k == bytes("3CB25F25FAACD57A90434F64D0362F2A2D2D0A90CF1A5A4C5DB02D56ECC4C5BF34007208D5B887185865"))

# Test Case 2
hk = crypto.HKDF_SHA256()
ikm  = bytes("000102030405060708090a0b0c0d0e0f101112131415161718191a1b1c1d1e1f202122232425262728292a2b2c2d2e2f303132333435363738393a3b3c3d3e3f404142434445464748494a4b4c4d4e4f")
salt = bytes("606162636465666768696a6b6c6d6e6f707172737475767778797a7b7c7d7e7f808182838485868788898a8b8c8d8e8f909192939495969798999a9b9c9d9e9fa0a1a2a3a4a5a6a7a8a9aaabacadaeaf")
info = bytes("b0b1b2b3b4b5b6b7b8b9babbbcbdbebfc0c1c2c3c4c5c6c7c8c9cacbcccdcecfd0d1d2d3d4d5d6d7d8d9dadbdcdddedfe0e1e2e3e4e5e6e7e8e9eaebecedeeeff0f1f2f3f4f5f6f7f8f9fafbfcfdfeff")
k = hk.derive(ikm, salt, info, 82)
assert(k == bytes("b11e398dc80327a1c8e7f78c596a49344f012eda2d4efad8a050cc4c19afa97c59045a99cac7827271cb41c65e590e09da3275600c2f09b8367793a9aca3db71cc30c58179ec3e87c14c01d5c1f3434f1d87"))

# Test Case 3
hk = crypto.HKDF_SHA256()
ikm  = bytes("0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b")
salt = bytes()
info = bytes()
k = hk.derive(ikm, salt, info, 42)
assert(k == bytes("8da4e775a563c18f715f802a063c5a31b8a11f5c5ee1879ec3454e5f3c738d2d9d201395faa4b61a96c8"))

crypto.PBKDF2_HMAC_SHA256 class~

Provides PBKDF2 using HMAC SHA256 key derivation. Turns a password into a hash.

General Function Parameters and details
derive crypto.PBKDF2_HMAC_SHA256().derive(password:bytes(), salt:bytes(), iterations:int, out_bytes:int) -> bytes(out_bytes)
Computes a key derivation function
password is the input keying material
salt can be empty bytes()
iterations counts the number of iterations of HMAC, limited to 10000 to make computation short enough for ESP32
out_bytes indicates the number of bytes to generate (between 1 and 256)

Test vectors from https://github.com/brycx/Test-Vector-Generation/blob/master/PBKDF2/pbkdf2-hmac-sha2-test-vectors.md

import crypto
pb = crypto.PBKDF2_HMAC_SHA256()

assert(pb.derive("password", "salt", 1, 20) == bytes('120fb6cffcf8b32c43e7225256c4f837a86548c9'))

assert(pb.derive("password", "salt", 2, 20) == bytes('ae4d0c95af6b46d32d0adff928f06dd02a303f8e'))

assert(pb.derive("password", "salt", 3, 20) == bytes('ad35240ac683febfaf3cd49d845473fbbbaa2437'))

assert(pb.derive("password", "salt", 4096, 20) == bytes('c5e478d59288c841aa530db6845c4c8d962893a0'))

assert(pb.derive("passwd", "salt", 1, 128) == bytes('55AC046E56E3089FEC1691C22544B605F94185216DDE0465E68B9D57C20DACBC49CA9CCCF179B645991664B39D77EF317C71B845B1E30BD509112041D3A19783C294E850150390E1160C34D62E9665D659AE49D314510FC98274CC79681968104B8F89237E69B2D549111868658BE62F59BD715CAC44A1147ED5317C9BAE6B2A'))

crypto.SHA256 class~

Provides SHA256 hashing function

General Function Parameters and details
init HMAC_SHA256.init() -> instance
Initialise SHA256 hashing function
update update(data:bytes) -> self
Add content to the hash. Calls can be chained.
out out() -> bytes(32)
Output the value of the hash

Example test vectors from https://www.dlitz.net/crypto/shad256-test-vectors/

import crypto
h = crypto.SHA256()

# SHA256 of empty message
assert(h.out() == bytes("e3b0c44298fc1c149afbf4c8996fb92427ae41e4649b934ca495991b7852b855"))

# (first 16 bytes of RC4 keystream where the key = 0)
h.update(bytes("de188941a3375d3a8a061e67576e926d"))
assert(h.out() == bytes("067c531269735ca7f541fdaca8f0dc76305d3cada140f89372a410fe5eff6e4d"))

crypto.HMAC_SHA256 class~

Provides HMAC SHA256 hashing function

General Function Parameters and details
init HMAC_SHA256.init(key:bytes) -> instance
Initialise HMAC_SHA256 hashing function with a provided key
update update(data:bytes) -> self
Add content to the hash. Calls can be chained
out out() -> bytes(32)
Output the value of the hash

Test case from https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4231:

import crypto
key = bytes("4a656665")
msg = bytes("7768617420646f2079612077616e7420666f72206e6f7468696e673f")
h = crypto.HMAC_SHA256(key)
h.update(msg)
hmac = h.out()
assert(hmac == bytes("5bdcc146bf60754e6a042426089575c75a003f089d2739839dec58b964ec3843"))

crypto.RSA class~

Provides RSA core features, currently only JWT RS256 signing (RSASSA-PKCS1-v1_5 with SHA256) - requires #define USE_BERRY_CRYPTO_RSA

Function Parameters and details
rs256 crypto.RSA.rs256HMAC_SHA256.init(private_key:bytes(), payload:bytes()) -> bytes()
Sign a payload with an RSA private key in DER binary format.
private_key: (bytes) contains the binary DER (ASN.1) private key, see example below to convert from PEM.
payload (bytes) JWT payload to sign, it should be derived from JSON encoded as base64url
Outputs a bytes() array of the payload, hashed with SHA256 and signed with the RSA private key. The output is 256 bytes longs for a 2048 RSA key.

Signing a full JWT token with RS256

import string
import crypto

# JWT requires base64url and not raw base64
# see https://base64.guru/standards/base64url
# input: string or bytes
def base64url(v)
  import string
  if type(v) == 'string'   v = bytes().fromstring(v) end
  var b64 = v.tob64()
  # remove trailing padding
  b64 = string.tr(b64, '=', '')
  b64 = string.tr(b64, '+', '-')
  b64 = string.tr(b64, '/', '_')
  return b64
end

# JWT header and claim
var header = '{"alg":"RS256","typ":"JWT"}'
var claim = '{"sub":"1234567890","name":"John Doe","admin":true,"iat":1516239022}'
var b64header = base64url(header)
var b64claim = base64url(claim)

assert(b64header == 'eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9')
assert(b64claim == 'eyJzdWIiOiIxMjM0NTY3ODkwIiwibmFtZSI6IkpvaG4gRG9lIiwiYWRtaW4iOnRydWUsImlhdCI6MTUxNjIzOTAyMn0')

# `body` is the payload to sign with RS256
var body = b64header + '.' + b64claim
assert(body == 'eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJzdWIiOiIxMjM0NTY3ODkwIiwibmFtZSI6IkpvaG4gRG9lIiwiYWRtaW4iOnRydWUsImlhdCI6MTUxNjIzOTAyMn0')

var private_key =
'-----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----\n'+
'MIIEvwIBADANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAASCBKkwggSlAgEAAoIBAQC7VJTUt9Us8cKj\n'+
'MzEfYyjiWA4R4/M2bS1GB4t7NXp98C3SC6dVMvDuictGeurT8jNbvJZHtCSuYEvu\n'+
'NMoSfm76oqFvAp8Gy0iz5sxjZmSnXyCdPEovGhLa0VzMaQ8s+CLOyS56YyCFGeJZ\n'+
'qgtzJ6GR3eqoYSW9b9UMvkBpZODSctWSNGj3P7jRFDO5VoTwCQAWbFnOjDfH5Ulg\n'+
'p2PKSQnSJP3AJLQNFNe7br1XbrhV//eO+t51mIpGSDCUv3E0DDFcWDTH9cXDTTlR\n'+
'ZVEiR2BwpZOOkE/Z0/BVnhZYL71oZV34bKfWjQIt6V/isSMahdsAASACp4ZTGtwi\n'+
'VuNd9tybAgMBAAECggEBAKTmjaS6tkK8BlPXClTQ2vpz/N6uxDeS35mXpqasqskV\n'+
'laAidgg/sWqpjXDbXr93otIMLlWsM+X0CqMDgSXKejLS2jx4GDjI1ZTXg++0AMJ8\n'+
'sJ74pWzVDOfmCEQ/7wXs3+cbnXhKriO8Z036q92Qc1+N87SI38nkGa0ABH9CN83H\n'+
'mQqt4fB7UdHzuIRe/me2PGhIq5ZBzj6h3BpoPGzEP+x3l9YmK8t/1cN0pqI+dQwY\n'+
'dgfGjackLu/2qH80MCF7IyQaseZUOJyKrCLtSD/Iixv/hzDEUPfOCjFDgTpzf3cw\n'+
'ta8+oE4wHCo1iI1/4TlPkwmXx4qSXtmw4aQPz7IDQvECgYEA8KNThCO2gsC2I9PQ\n'+
'DM/8Cw0O983WCDY+oi+7JPiNAJwv5DYBqEZB1QYdj06YD16XlC/HAZMsMku1na2T\n'+
'N0driwenQQWzoev3g2S7gRDoS/FCJSI3jJ+kjgtaA7Qmzlgk1TxODN+G1H91HW7t\n'+
'0l7VnL27IWyYo2qRRK3jzxqUiPUCgYEAx0oQs2reBQGMVZnApD1jeq7n4MvNLcPv\n'+
't8b/eU9iUv6Y4Mj0Suo/AU8lYZXm8ubbqAlwz2VSVunD2tOplHyMUrtCtObAfVDU\n'+
'AhCndKaA9gApgfb3xw1IKbuQ1u4IF1FJl3VtumfQn//LiH1B3rXhcdyo3/vIttEk\n'+
'48RakUKClU8CgYEAzV7W3COOlDDcQd935DdtKBFRAPRPAlspQUnzMi5eSHMD/ISL\n'+
'DY5IiQHbIH83D4bvXq0X7qQoSBSNP7Dvv3HYuqMhf0DaegrlBuJllFVVq9qPVRnK\n'+
'xt1Il2HgxOBvbhOT+9in1BzA+YJ99UzC85O0Qz06A+CmtHEy4aZ2kj5hHjECgYEA\n'+
'mNS4+A8Fkss8Js1RieK2LniBxMgmYml3pfVLKGnzmng7H2+cwPLhPIzIuwytXywh\n'+
'2bzbsYEfYx3EoEVgMEpPhoarQnYPukrJO4gwE2o5Te6T5mJSZGlQJQj9q4ZB2Dfz\n'+
'et6INsK0oG8XVGXSpQvQh3RUYekCZQkBBFcpqWpbIEsCgYAnM3DQf3FJoSnXaMhr\n'+
'VBIovic5l0xFkEHskAjFTevO86Fsz1C2aSeRKSqGFoOQ0tmJzBEs1R6KqnHInicD\n'+
'TQrKhArgLXX4v3CddjfTRJkFWDbE/CkvKZNOrcf1nhaGCPspRJj2KUkj1Fhl9Cnc\n'+
'dn/RsYEONbwQSjIfMPkvxF+8HQ==\n'+
'-----END PRIVATE KEY-----\n'

# public_key for reference but not actually used here
var public_key =
'-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----\n'+
'MIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKCAQEAu1SU1LfVLPHCozMxH2Mo\n'+
'4lgOEePzNm0tRgeLezV6ffAt0gunVTLw7onLRnrq0/IzW7yWR7QkrmBL7jTKEn5u\n'+
'+qKhbwKfBstIs+bMY2Zkp18gnTxKLxoS2tFczGkPLPgizskuemMghRniWaoLcyeh\n'+
'kd3qqGElvW/VDL5AaWTg0nLVkjRo9z+40RQzuVaE8AkAFmxZzow3x+VJYKdjykkJ\n'+
'0iT9wCS0DRTXu269V264Vf/3jvredZiKRkgwlL9xNAwxXFg0x/XFw005UWVRIkdg\n'+
'cKWTjpBP2dPwVZ4WWC+9aGVd+Gyn1o0CLelf4rEjGoXbAAEgAqeGUxrcIlbjXfbc\n'+
'mwIDAQAB\n'+
'-----END PUBLIC KEY-----\n'

# read private_key as DER binary
while (private_key[-1] == '\n') private_key = private_key[0..-2] end
var private_key_DER = bytes().fromb64(string.split(private_key, '\n')[1..-2].concat())

# comparison with what was expected
assert(private_key_DER.tob64() == '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')

# sign body
var body_b64 = bytes().fromstring(body)
var sign = crypto.RSA.rs256(private_key_DER, body_b64)
var b64sign = base64url(sign)

# check output
assert(b64sign == 'NHVaYe26MbtOYhSKkoKYdFVomg4i8ZJd8_-RU8VNbftc4TSMb4bXP3l3YlNWACwyXPGffz5aXHc6lty1Y2t4SWRqGteragsVdZufDn5BlnJl9pdR_kdVFUsra2rWKEofkZeIC4yWytE58sMIihvo9H1ScmmVwBcQP6XETqYd0aSHp1gOa9RdUPDvoXQ5oqygTqVtxaDr6wUFKrKItgBMzWIdNZ6y7O9E0DhEPTbE9rfBo6KTFsHAZnMg4k68CDp2woYIaXbmYTWcvbzIuHO7_37GT79XdIwkm95QJ7hYC9RiwrV7mesbY4PAahERJawntho0my942XheVLmGwLMBkQ')

# Final token:
var jwt_token = payload + '.' + b64sign

crypto.MD5 class~

Provides MD5 hashing function.

General Function Parameters and details
init MD5.init() -> instance
Initialise MD5 hashing function
update update(data:bytes) -> self
Add content to the hash. Calls can be chained.
finish finish() -> bytes(16)
Finish the MD5 calculation and output the result (16 bytes)

Test vector:

import crypto
h = crypto.MD5()
t = bytes().fromstring("The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog")
h.update(t)
m = h.finish()
assert(m == bytes("9e107d9d372bb6826bd81d3542a419d6"))

flash module~

Warning: this is a low-level module used to read and write flash memory. You normally shouldn't need to use it. It is used internally by partition_core. Use with import flash.

Function Parameters and details
read flash.read(address:int[, length:int]) -> bytes()
Reads bytes from an absolute address from the flash and returns a bytes() object. If length is omitted, the size is 4KB (4096 bytes)
write flash.write(address:int, content:bytes [, no_erase:bool]) -> nil
Writes a bytes object to flash. It is generally better to do 4KB aligned writes.
By default, the 4KB page is first erased and the content is written back to it. This call handles automatically writes non-aligned to 4KB boundaries
If no_erase is true, content is writtent without erasing, which can be useful when writing a small number of bytes from previously erased pages
Flash contains all ones when erased, and writing to flash can only turn 1 to 0. Erasing flash causes wear leveling and reduces the lifetime of flash.
erase flash.erase(address:int, length:int) -> nil
Erases flash pages. address and lenght must be 4KB aligned, i.e. multiples of 4096
id flash.id() -> int
Returns the 32-bit flash identifier
size flash.size() -> int
Returns the size of flash in bytes
current_ota flash.current_ota() -> int
Returns the number ofw the partition Tasmota is running from, typically 0 or 1, or -1 for safeboot. With safeboot layout, it is always 0
factory flash.factory(force_ota:bool) -> nil
Forces the next restart to use the factory partition if any is present.
If force_ota is true, it forces an OTA update with the current URL

img class~

Thin wrapper for image data, that allows format conversions and is able to reduce memory reallocations in certain scenarios.

Supports following image types, which integer values are equal to the enum pixformat_t of Espressif's webcam driver:
- img.RGB565 = 0
- img.RGB888 = 5
- img.JPEG = 4
- img.GRAYSCALE = 3

Create an instance of an image with var i = img().
Memory will be released automatically by Berrys garbage collector after deletion of the instance.

img Function Parameters and details
from_jpeg img.from_jpeg(jpeg_buffer:bytes[, type:img.type]) -> nil Copy JPEG image as byte buffer to the buffer of an img instance. If optional image type is provided, this will be converted on the fly. This will not reallocate the image buffer, if the size and format does not change.
from_buffer img.from_buffer(image_data:bytes,width:int:height:int,type:img.type) -> nil Construct image from raw image data for the types RGB565, RGB888 and GRAYSCALE.
get_buffer img.get_buffer([descriptor:bytes]) -> image_data:bytes Returns the raw image data for any supported type. For RGB565, RGB888 and GRAYSCALE a descriptor can be provided to get a ROI (region of interest).
convert_to img.convert_to(type:img.type) -> nil Internal conversion of the image format.
info img.info() -> map Returns a map with some infos about the current image.

The optional ROI descriptor is a representation of an affine matrix, which can be constructed in Berry:

#  Describe ROI using an affine matrix (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affine_transformation#Image_transformation)
#   | scale_x shear_x translation_x |
#   | shear_y scale_y translation_y |
#   | 0       0       1             | - these are constants in this scope

def roi_dsc(m)
    var d = bytes(-24)
    d.setfloat(0,m["scaleX"])
    d.setfloat(4,m["shearX"])
    d.setfloat(8,m["shearY"])
    d.setfloat(12,m["scaleY"])
    d.seti(16,m["transX"],2)
    d.seti(18,m["transY"],2)
    d.seti(20,m["width"],2)
    d.seti(22,m["height"],2)
    return d
end
A simple web tool to create such matrices is embedded in the docs: ROI editor

Example:

# load jpg file into img
var i = img()
var f = open("j.jpg","r")
i.from_jpg(f.readbytes(),img.RGB565) # i now holds image data with type RGB565
f.close()

cam module~

Very small module to access a connected camera module with the purpose to have as much heap memory available as possible in comparison to the fully fledged webcam drivers for machine learning, but there are more possible applications. It is not intended to be a general replacement for the webcam drivers.

Tasmota Function Parameters and details
cam.setup (mode:int) -> bool Init camera hardware with the resolution (same value as command wcresolution).
cam.get_image ([image:img[,type:img.type]]) -> bytes or nil Takes a picture - without an additional option this is just a JPEG buffer. If an image instance is provided, the image data will go there. If an additional type is given, a conversion will happen on the fly. This will not lead to a memory reallocation, if there is no change for size and type of the image.
cam.info () -> map Shows info map with last current resolution and camera mode

Example:

# Simple "video player" for boards with a camera and a display

scr = lv.scr_act()
scr.set_style_bg_color(lv.color(lv.COLOR_BLUE), lv.PART_MAIN | lv.STATE_DEFAULT)

# create a lv_img object as image view
cam_view = lv.img(scr)
cam_view.center()

i = img()

import cam
cam.setup(4) # 240 x 240
cam.get_image(i,i.RGB565)

def lv_img_dsc(image)
    var i = image.info()
    var dsc = bytes(24)
    dsc..0x19 # magic
    dsc..0x12 # cf RGB565
    dsc.add(0,2) # flags
    dsc.add(i["width"],2) # width
    dsc.add(i["height"],2) # height
    dsc.add(i["width"] * 2,2) # stride
    dsc.add(0,2) # reserved
    dsc.add(i["size"],4) # size
    dsc.add(i["buf_addr"],4) # data
    dsc.add(0,4) # reserved
    print(dsc)
    return dsc
end

descriptor = lv_img_dsc(i)
cam_view.set_src(descriptor) # bind cam_view to buffer of img

def video()
    cam.get_image(i,i.RGB565) # this will just update the buffer, no reallocation
    cam_view.invalidate()
    tasmota.set_timer(20,/->video()) # aim for 50 Hz
end

video()

Philips Hue emulation for Alexa~

Berry extends the native Hue/Alexa emulation and makes it possible to handle any number of virtual lights. You can easily define "virtual" lights in Berry, respond to commands from Alexa and send light status.

It is up to you to define the final behavoir. For example you could control some fancy devices, light strips or whatever takes on/off, dimmer or RGB commands. Your imagination is the limit.

Hue emulation requires both #define USE_EMULATION and #define USE_EMULATION_HUE. Emulation must also be enabled with Emulation 2 command.

light_state class~

The core class is light_state which represents a virtual light.

light_state general methods:

Methods Parameters and details
init light_state.init(channels:int) -> instance
Creates a light_state instance for a light with channels channels.
Constants are:
light_state.RELAY = 0
light_state.DIMMER = 1
light_state.CT = 2
light_state.RGB = 3
light_state.RGBW = 4
light_state.RGBCT = 5
signal_change signal_change() -> nil
Called when a changed was triggered by Alexa.
You can sub-class this class and override this method. Alternatively you can also poll for any change.

light_state getters:

Attributes Parameters and details
power (bool) on/off state
reachable (bool) light is reachable
type (int) number of channels of the light
bri (int) brightness of the light (0..255)
ct (int) white temperature of the light (153..500)
sat (int) saturation of the light (0..255)
hue (int) hue of the light (0..360)
hue16 (int) hue as 16 bits (0..65535)
r
g
b
(int) Red Green Blue channels (0..255)
x
y
(float) x/y color as floats (0.0 .. 1.0)
mode_ct
mode_rgb
(bool) light is in RGB or CT mode
get get() -> map returns the complete state of the light as a map
Exemple:
{'rgb': '1E285A', 'hue': 230, 'type': 5, 'power': false, 'bri': 90, 'mode_rgb': true, 'sat': 170, 'mode_ct': false, 'channels': [30, 40, 90, 0, 0]}

light_state setters:

Methods Parameters and details
set_power set_power(bool) -> nil sets on/off state
set_reachable set_reachable(bool) -> nil sets the reachable state
set_bri set_bri(int) -> nil sets the brightness (0..255)
set_ct set_ct(int) -> nil sets the white temperature (153..500)
set_sat set_sat(int) -> nil sets the saturation (0..255)
set_huesat set_huesat(hue:int, sat:int) -> nil sets hue and saturation (0..360, 0..255)
set_hue16sat set_hue16sat(hue16:int, sat:int) -> nil sets hue16 and saturation (0..65535, 0..255)
set_rgb set_rgb(r:int, g:int, b=int) -> nil sets red/green/blue channels (0..255 x 3)
set_xy set_xy(x:float, y:float) -> nil sets color as x/y (0.0 .. 1.0 x 2)

light_state static helper functions:

Methods Parameters and details
gamma8 gamma8(int) -> nil applies gamma correction to 8 bits value (0..255)
gamma10 gamma10(int) -> nil applies gamma correction to 10 bits value (0..1023)
reverse_gamma10 reverse_gamma10(int) -> nil applies reverse gamma correction to 10 bits value (0..1023)

hue_bridge module~

Use import hue_bridge and declare all the virtual lights. Example:

# put this in `autoexec.be`
import hue_bridge

l1 = light_state(light_state.DIMMER)
hue_bridge.add_light(11, l1, "Synthetic Dimmer", "V1", "Tasmota Factory")

l2 = light_state(light_state.CT)
hue_bridge.add_light(12, l2, "Synthetic CT", "V1", "Tasmota Factory")

l5 = light_state(light_state.RGBCT)
hue_bridge.add_light(15, l5, "Synthetic RGBCT")

When you start the Hue pairing, all virtual lights are advertized. You need to make sure that virtual lights are defined at each restart (in autoexec.be for example).

hue_bridge functions:

Methods Parameters and details
add_light add_light(id:int, light:instance of light_state, name:string [, model:string, manuf:strin]) -> light
Adds an virtual light to the Hue bridge.
id = numerical identifier of the Hue light. Using low numbers avoids conflict with real lights from Tasmota
light = instance of light_state handling the state and behavior of the light
name = name of the light as displayed in the Alexa app (can be overriden in the app)
model (opt) = name of the manufacturer model, defaults to "Unkwnon"
manuf (opt) = name of the manufacturer, defaults to "Tasmota"
remove_light remove_light(id:int) -> nil
Removes a light from the Hue bridge by hue id.
light_to_id light_to_id(light:instance) -> int converts a registered light_instance instance to its Hue id

Zigbee~

For Zigbee coordinators, there is a Berry mapping that allows explore Zigbee configurations and devices. It also allows to intercept incoming message (low and high level) and transform messages before they reach the Tasmota layer. This is useful for non-standard Zigbee devices for which Zigbee plug-ins are not sufficient.

Note: the following are only available when compiling with #define USE_ZIGBEE

Internally, the Tasmota Zigbee engine calls callBerryZigbeeDispatcher() at key points to allow your Berry code to take over and change messages on-the-fly.

import zigbee~

First step is to use import zigbee which returns an instance (monad) of zb_coord().

General methods Parameters and details
started zigbee.started() -> bool or nil
Returns true if zigbee sucessfully started, then all other zigbee methods are available. This state is final and does not change.
Returns false if zigbee is still in initialization process. This state eventually changes to true or nil.
Returns nil if zigbee is not configured (no GPIO) or if initialization failes. This state is final and indicates a fatal error.
info zigbee.info() -> map returns a map with general configuration of the Zigbee coordinator.
Format is identical to ZbConfig
Example:
{'ext_pan_id': '0xCCCCCCCCA11A2233', 'tx_radio': 20, 'shortaddr': 0, 'longaddr': '0x00124B0026BAABBC', 'channel': 11, 'pan_id': 837, 'pan_id_hex': '0x0345', 'shortaddr_hex': '0x0000'}
size zigbee.size() -> int returns the number of devices knwon by the coordinator
iter zigbee.iter() -> iterator
Returns an iterator on all zigbee devices
Use compact implicit form:
for ze: zigbee print(ze) end
item
[]
zigbee.item(shortaddr:int | friendlyname:str) -> instance of zb_device
Returns the Zigbee device corresponding to short address shortaddr or to friendlyname friendlyname.
Returns an index_error exception if not found.
You can use the compact syntax zigbee[0xFAB6]
find zigbee.find(shortaddr:int | friendlyname:str) -> instance of zb_device
Returns the Zigbee device corresponding to short address shortaddr or to friendlyname friendlyname.
Contrary to the above, returns nil if not found (no exception).
abort zigbee.abort() -> nil aborts the initialization of Zigbee MCU. To be used when initialization of Zigbee failed

zb_device class~

The class zb_device contains all known information about a paired Zigbee device (end-device or router). You can't create a zb_device from scratch, they most be retrieved from zigbee object.

General methods Parameters and details
info info() -> attribute_list or nil
Returns the last known state for this device as an attribute_list
This is equivalent of running `ZbInfo `` and getting the attribute_list

zb_device instances can only be read, you can't change directly any attribute.

Instance Variables Parameters and details
shortaddr shortaddr -> int returns the 16 bits short address
longaddr longaddr -> bytes returns the long 64 bits address as 8 bytes (or all zeroes if unknown)
name name -> string returns the friendlyname of the device or 0x.... hex name if no friendlyname was defined using ZbName command
reachable reachable -> bool is the device reachable, i.e. did it respond last time we tried to contact them
hidden hidden -> bool is the device declared as hidden, i.e. not announced in Hue emulation
router router -> bool is the device known to be a router
model model -> string model of the device
manufacturer manufacturer -> string manufacturer name of the device
lastseen lastseen -> int timestamp (epoch) when the device was last seen
lqi lqi -> int radion strength and quality when the device was last seen
battery battery -> int percentage of battery, or -1 if unknwon of no battery
battery_lastseen battery_lastseen -> int timestamp (epoch) when the battery was last reported, or -1

Example:

import zigbee

# show all devices
for device: zigbee
  print(device)
end
#
# outputs:
# <instance: zb_device(0x868E, 0x00124B001F841E41, name:'Bedroom', model:'TH01', manufacturer:'eWeLink')>
# ... more devices

# read one device by short address
var device = zigbee[0x868E]

print(device.longaddr)
# bytes('411E841F004B1200')

print(device.reachable)
# false - because it's a sleep device

print(device.router)
# false - it's a sleepy device so not a router

print(device.manufacturer, device.model)
# eWeLink TH013000_g5xawfcq')>

# example with a plug
device = zigbee[0xC1BC]
print(device.longaddr, device.reachable, device.router)
# bytes('859F4E001044EF54') true false
print(device.manufacturer, device.model)
# LUMI lumi.plug.maeu01

Changing Zigbee values on-the-fly~

Whenever a Zigbee message is received (typically values of attributes), the Tasmota Zigbee engines generates events at key points which allow custom Berry code to intercept and change messages on-the-fly.

Messages are sent in the following order:

  • frame_received: (low-level) the raw zigbee message is passed as bytes and attributes are not yet decoded. The bytes buffer can be modified and passed back to the Tasmota Zigbee engine.
  • attributes_raw: (mid-level) Zigbee attributes are decoded but no transformation is applied yet. Attributes are only available in cluser/attribute format, names are not decoded and plug-ins are not yet applied.
    This is the perfect moment to change non-standard attributes and map them to standard ones.
  • attributes_refined: (high-level) Attributes are mapped to their names (when possible) and all transformations are applied. This is the last chance to change values.
  • attributes_final: (high-level) consolidated attributes_refined. It is triggered just before final and consolidated attributes are sent to MQTT. Zigbee typically waits for 350ms before sending attributes, so it can consolidate multiple sensors (like temperature + humidity + pressure) in a single MQTT message

The format of methods are the following: def <zigbee event>(event_type, frame, attr_list, idx)

Argument Description
event_type (string) can take values: frame_received, attributes_raw or attributes_refined
frame (instance of zcl_frame) low-level ZCL frame
Always present
attr_list (instance of XXX) list of attributes.
This attribute is nil for frame_received, contains raw attributes in attributes_raw and refined attributes in attributes_refined
idx (int 16 bits unsigned) contains the Zigbee short address

Example, if you want to dump all the traffic passed:

import zigbee
class my_zb_handler
  def frame_received(event_type, frame, attr_list, idx)
    print(f"shortaddr=Ox{idx:04X} {event_type=} {frame=}")
  end
  def attributes_raw(event_type, frame, attr_list, idx)
    print(f"shortaddr=Ox{idx:04X} {event_type=} {attr_list=}")
  end
  def attributes_refined(event_type, frame, attr_list, idx)
    print(f"shortaddr=Ox{idx:04X} {event_type=} {attr_list=}")
  end
  def attributes_final(event_type, frame, attr_list, idx)
    print(f"shortaddr=Ox{idx:04X} {event_type=} {attr_list=}")
  end

end

var my_handler = my_zb_handler()
zigbee.add_handler(my_handler)

# example of reading for a plug
#
# shortaddr=OxC1BC event_type=frame_received frame={'srcendpoint': 21, 'transactseq_set': 0, 'shortaddr': 49596, 'dstendpoint': 1, 'payload': bytes('5500003956CE8243'), 'shortaddr_hex': '0xC1BC', 'manuf': 0, 'payload_ptr': <ptr: 0x3ffccb5c>, 'need_response': 0, 'transactseq': 25, 'cmd': 1, 'direct': 0, 'cluster': 12, 'cluster_specific': 0, 'groupaddr': 0}
# shortaddr=OxC1BC event_type=attributes_raw attr_list={"000C/0055":261.612,"Endpoint":21,"LinkQuality":21}
# shortaddr=OxC1BC event_type=attributes_refined attr_list={"ActivePower":261.612,"(ActivePower)":"0B04/050B","Endpoint":21,"LinkQuality":21}
# shortaddr=OxC1BC event_type=attributes_final attr_list={"ActivePower":261.612,"(ActivePower)":"0B04/050B","Endpoint":21,"LinkQuality":21}

# to remove handler:
# zigbee.remove_handler(my_handler)

The attr_list is of class zcl_attribute_list and can be accessed with zigbee.zcl_attribute_list.

Methods Parameters and details
size size() -> int
Number of attributes in the list
remove remove(index:int) -> nil
Remove the item at index
item
[x]
item(index:int) -> instance or [index:int] -> instance
Retrieve attribute at index, or nil if none.
Note: contrary to native list it does not throw an exception if the index if off bounds.
new_head new_head(attribute:instance of zigbee.zcl_attribute_list) -> self
Adds a new attribute at the beginning (head) of the list
new_tail new_tail(attribute:instance of zigbee.zcl_attribute_list) -> self
Adds a new attribute at the end (tail) of the list

Variables of zcl_attribute_list for the entire list and common to all attributes:

Attributes (read or write) Details
groupaddr uint16 group address if the message was multicast, or nil
src_ep uint8 source endpoint of the message
lqi uint8 lqi for the message received (link quality)

The zcl_attribute_list contains a list of zcl_attribute instance.

Attributes (read or write) Details
cluster uint16 ZCL cluster number
attr_id uint16 ZCL attribute id
cmd uint8 ZCL command number
direction 0 or 1 ZCL direction of the message (to or from the coordinator)
cmd_general 0 or 1 ZCL flag indicating a general command vs a cluster specific command
key string or nil attribute name (if any) or nil
val any ZCL value of the attribute, can be int/float/string/bytes...
key_suffix uint8 key suffix in case a same attribute is repeated
Like Power1, Power2...
manuf uint16 ZCL manufacturer specific code or 0 if none
This is typically indicating a proprietary attribute
attr_multiplier int multiplier to be applied or 1
attr_divider int divider to be applied or 1
attr_base int offset to be applied or 0
attr_type uint8 ZCL type byte for the received attribute

zcl_attribute_list methods:

Methods Parameters and details
tomap tomap() -> map
Transforms main attributes as map (read-only): cluster, attr_id, cmd, direction, key, val

Changing attributes received~

For events attributes_raw and attributes_refined, you receive an instance of attr_list which represents all the attributes received. This list can be modified according to specificities of devices, hence giving full liberty on decoding exotic protocols or manufacturers.

The decoding is done in 2 steps:

  • attributes_raw contains individual attributes with their native raw values. Names are not yet matched, nor scale factors applied. This is where you want to decode non-standard protocols Example: {"000C/0055":261.612,"Endpoint":21,"LinkQuality":21} represents raw value from a plug; the value was decoded as float.

  • attributes_refined contains a similar list with additional decoding handled, any scale factor applied (like transforming integer temperature in 1/100 of Celsius to a float), and human readable names attached. Example: {"ActivePower":261.612,"(ActivePower)":"0B04/050B","Endpoint":21,"LinkQuality":21} In this example, the attribute is 0B04/050B is rename as ActivePower, but the original 0B04/050B attribute cluster/id is still readable. We can see that the generic 000C/0055 (AnalogValue) from lumi.plug.maeu01 is replaced with 0B04/050B (ActivePower).

Changing zigbee frame, zcl_frame class~

The zcl_frame represents a low-level ZCL (Zigbee Cluster Library) structure before any decoding or specific processing. You generally prefer to modify a frame later on when attributes or commands are decoded.

class zcl_frame:

Attributes (read or write) Details
srcendpoint uint8 source endpoint
dtsendpoint uint8 destination endpoint
shortaddr uint16 destination short address
groupadddr uint16 destination multicast group address (if shortaddr is 0xFFFE)
cluster uint16 cluster number
cmd uint8 ZCL command number
cluster_specific flag 0/1 is the command general or cluster specific
manuf uint16 manufacturer specific number (or 0x0000)
needs_response flag 0/1 does this frame needs a response
payload bytes() bytes of the actual data (use with caution, can be read and changed)
  The following are rarely used flags
direct flag 0/1 is the frame to be sent directly only (not routed)
transactseq uint8 transaction number (read only)
transactseq_set uint8 transaction number (write only - if you need to change it)

Example:

frame_received frame_received {'srcendpoint': 21, 'transactseq_set': 0, 'shortaddr': 49596, 'dstendpoint': 1, 'payload': bytes('550039D5787B43'), 'shortaddr_hex': '0xC1BC', 'manuf': 4447, 'payload_ptr': <ptr: 0x3ffd4d04>, 'need_response': 0, 'transactseq': 60, 'cmd': 10, 'direct': 0, 'cluster': 12, 'cluster_specific': 0, 'groupaddr': 0} nil 49596

Compiling Berry~

Berry is included if the following is defined in user_config_override.h:

#define USE_BERRY

Other options that can be changed:

Option Description
#define USE_BERRY_PSRAM Use PSRAM to allocate memory instead of main RAM. If no PSRAM is connected, this option has no effect.
Enabled by default
#define USE_BERRY_DEBUG Provide additional information in case of a Berry exception, adding line number in the call chain. This feature adds ~8% of memory consumption to Berry compiled code.
Disabled by default
#define USE_WEBCLIENT Enable the webclient module allowing to do HTTP requests.
Enabled by default
#define USE_WEBCLIENT_HTTPS Adds support for HTTPS to webclient. This feature adds ~45KB of Flash space for TLS support.
Disabled by default
#define USE_BERRY_WEBCLIENT_USERAGENT "TasmotaClient" Specifies the default User-Agent field sent by webclient. Can be changed on a per request basis.
#define USE_BERRY_WEBCLIENT_TIMEOUT 5000 Specifies the default timeout in millisecond for webclient. Can be changed on a per request basis.

Berry Cookbook~

Find complete examples and use scenarios of Berry in the Berry Cookbook